Anti-Rhesus D Recombinant Polyclonal Antibody and Methods of Manufacture

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a method for manufacturing an anti-RhD recombinant polyclonal antibody composition (anti-RhD rpAb). The method comprises obtaining a collection of cells transfected with a library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors, wherein each cell in the collection is capable of expressing from a VH and VL comprising nucleic acid segment, one member of the library, which encodes a distinct member of anti-RhD recombinant polyclonal antibody composition and is located at the same site in the genome of individual cells in said collection. The cells are cultured under suitable conditions for expression of the recombinant polyclonal antibody, which is obtained from the cells or culture supernatant. Nucleic acid segments encoding the anti-RhD rpAb are introduced into the cells by transfection with a library of vectors for site-specific integration. The method is suitable for manufacturing anti-RhD rpAb, thereby making available a superior replacement of plasma-derived prophylactic and therapeutic immunoglobulin products.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. Appl. No. 11/632,937, §371(c) date: Aug. 30, 2007, which is the National Stage of International Appl. No. PCT/DK2005/000501, filed Jul. 18, 2005, which claims the benefit of Danish Appl. No. PA 2004 01133, filed Jul. 20, 2004, and Danish Appl. No. PA 2004 01992, filed Dec. 22, 2004.

REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

The content of the electronically submitted sequence listing (Name: SequenceListing.txt; Size: 263,218 bytes; and Date of Creation: Jun. 6, 2012) is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention describes the production of an anti-Rhesus D recombinant polyclonal antibody (anti-RhD rpAb), as well as the general approach of generating a polyclonal working cell bank for later production of a desired polyclonal antibody. The invention also relates to libraries encoding anti-RhD rpAb and to cell lines producing anti-RhD rpAb. Further, the application describes pharmacological and diagnostic compositions comprising anti-RhD rpAb and their use in prophylaxis of hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and prevention of sensitization to the Rhesus D antigen after mistransfusions of RhD(+) blood to RhD(−) individuals.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The Rhesus Mood group antigens are located on transmembrane erythrocyte proteins encompassing the so-called C, c, F, e and D antigens. Approximately 16% of the Caucasian population is Rhesus D negative (RhD(˜)) due to an inherited polymorphism. In addition, multiple genetic and serological variants of RhD exist (divided into category II-VII) of which RhD^(VI) is the most clinically relevant. Since category VI positive red blood cells (RBC) carry fewer of the various epitopes of the D protein than RBC of other categories, RhD^(VI)(+) individuals may form alloantibodies against RBC from other RhD positive (RhD(+)) individuals (Issitt, P. D. and Anstee, D. J., 1998. The Rh Blood Group System, Montgomery Scientific Publications, Durham, N.C., pp. 315-423). {Issitt & Anstee 1998 11809/id}

RhD negativity in itself is not associated with any medical conditions, but has important medical implications when a RhD(−) female carries a RhD(+) or RhD^(VI)(+) fetus or a RhD^(VI)(+) female carries a RhD(+) fetus. Fetomaternal RhD alloimmunization may then occur if fetal erythrocytes enter the maternal circulation, usually perinatally (during delivery), and thereby causes the induction of a maternal anti-RED antibody response. In subsequent pregnancies RhD-specific IgG-molecules from the mother will cross the placenta into the fetal circulation and mediate lysis of fetal erythrocytes, thereby causing Hemolytic Disease of Newborns (HDN). It has been estimated that on average 20% of RhD(−) women delivering a RhD(+) infant for the second time, and Who are not protected appropriately with anti-D prophylaxis, will generate an anti-RhD antibody response. When untreated, approximately 30% of the newborn will have moderate anemia, jaundice, and hepatomegaly, and 20% develop severe anemia and hydrops fetalis, and severely affected newborns are at risk of neonatal death or permanent handicaps.

Polyclonal immunoglobulin preparations against RhD are used worldwide to prevent alloimmunization of pregnant RhD(−) and RhD^(VI)(+) women, thereby preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn. Polyclonal immunoglobulin preparations against RhD (anti-D) are currently obtained by pooling of blood plasma obtained from donors who have become hyperimmune, either through natural RhD alloimmunization or through vaccination of RhD negative volunteer males with RID positive erythrocytes. The efficacy of anti-RhD immunoglobulin preparations for prophylaxis of HDN is well established and has been in routine use for many years. As a result this severe disease has become a rarity.

Nevertheless the underlying cause of the disease, i.e. alloimmunization of pregnant RhD(−) and RhD^(VI)(+) women, still remains and thus requires a continual supply of anti-D immunoglobulin preparations.

In addition to the prophylaxis of HDN, anti-D immunoglobulin has also proven useful in the treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (George, J. N., 2002. Blood Rev. 16, 37-38). ITP is a hematological disorder, where autoantibodies results in an accelerated platelet clearance in the spleen and liver. Symptoms are decreased platelet levels resulting in bruising and bleeding. In severe cases the spleen is removed. This is however, not possible in infants due to severe side effect, thus alternative treatments like anti-D immunoglobulin are needed. Further, anti-D immunoglobulin is used after mistransfusions of RhD(+) blood to RhD(−) recipients in order to prevent sensitization to the Rhesus D antigen.

The current methods for production of anti-D require, as already mentioned, repeated immunization of an increasingly reluctant pool of donors for the production of high titer antiserum. There are also associated risk factors and technical problems, such as the use of Rhesus positive RBC for repeated immunization carrying the risk of transmission of viral diseases like hepatitis B, AIDS and other as yet unknown viruses. Further, there are problems with batch-to-batch variations. Therefore, an alternative method for production of anti-RhD antibodies is required.

Cellular approaches for generating anti-RhD monoclonal antibodies were first developed as an alternative to hyperimmune serum. These techniques encompassed Epstein Barr Virus transformation of lymphocytes creating B lymphoblastoid cell lines (Crawford et al. 1983. Lancet 1, 386-8). However, these cell lines are unstable and require extensive cloning. Production of human antibodies by the hybridoma technique was also restricted by the lack of a suitable human myeloma cell fusion partner (Kozbor, D. and Roder, J. C., 1983. Immunol. Today. 4, 72).

As substitute for these techniques a molecular approach involving repertoire cloning of V_(H) and V_(L) and the construction of phage display libraries was developed (Barbas, C. F. et al. 1991. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 7978-7982). The phage display technique was also applicable for the isolation of Rhesus D antigen binders. A large number of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with Rhesus D antigen binding specificity have been isolated with this technique (WO 97/49809 and Siegel, D. L et al. 2002. Transfus. Clin. Biol. 9, 83-97).

Recent clinical trials with a recombinant anti-RhD^(VI) mAb have shown that it is possible to prevent RhD immunization after a large challenge with RhD(+) RBC (Miescher, S., et al. 2004, Blood 103, 4028-4035). However, the trial also showed that the mAb was less efficient with respect to clearance of the RBC than an anti-D immunoglobulin. The cause of this decreased clearance rate is not known. It is possible that a single antibody is not as efficient as the diversity of antibodies present in the anti-D immunoglobulin product, or that the presence of more than one immunoglobulin isotype i.e. IgG1 and IgG3 {Siegel, Czerwinski, et al. 2002 10320 id}increases RBC clearance.

In addition to the efficiency issue, another issue with respect to HDN prophylaxis is the situation where a RhD^(VI)(+) female carries a RhD(+) fetus. In this situation an anti-RhD^(VI) mAb will not be able to prevent alloimmunization of the female. Thus, in order to protect both RhD(−) and RhD^(VI)(+) females, a product with antibodies against Rhesus D category VI antigen as well as antibodies that do not bind category VI antigen but other common Rhesus D antigens is needed.

Another possible issue with mAbs is that they might be immunogenic. Although the mAbs are human, a first time treatment might result in an antibody response from the female treated with the mAb. Theoretically this may happen because the CDR regions of the mAb, which have never been seen by the immune system of the treated individual before, may be recognized as foreign if presented in a sufficiently large dose. Such a reaction will render the anti-RhD mAb useless in repeated prophylactic treatment.

It is possible that some of these potential problems with mAbs could be overcome by mixing monoclonal antibodies. However, this would mean separate production and purification of an undefined number of antibodies, which will be quite costly. Further, different batch properties of the individual monoclonal antibodies of such a mixture may affect the final product.

Disclosure of Contribution

The present invention provides a method for generating a manufacturing cell line which can express an anti-RhD recombinant polyclonal antibody (anti-RhD rpAb) as a single batch.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods for the consistent manufacturing of anti-RhD recombinant polyclonal antibody (anti-RID rpAb). It is contemplated that the present invention will open up the possibility for large-scale manufacturing and production of a new class of prophylactic and therapeutic anti-RhD antibody products.

An anti-RhD rpAb of the present invention potentially has some advantages over monoclonal anti-Rhesus D antibodies. First of all every potential Rhesus D epitope will be covered by more than one antibody, thus an anti-RhD rpAb composition can be used in the prophylactic treatment of both RhD(−) and RhD^(VI) females bearing a RhD(+) child. Hence, it will not be necessary to mix mAb from different production and purification batches in order to obtain full prophylactic effect.

Further, in the instance where mAbs should prove to be immunogenic due to the high concentration of one single or a few molecules, an anti-RhD rpAb may be a good alternative. Since an anti-RhD rpAb according to the present invention is composed of between 5 and 56 variant antibody molecules, their individual concentration will be lower, and if one of the antibodies should be depleted due to immunogenicity, there will be plenty of others to cover the Rhesus D antigen, thus prophylaxis will still be efficient.

The production of an anti-RhD rpAb antibody of the present invention can be performed from a single cell line, as a single batch. The generation of a polyclonal manufacturing cell line for the anti-RhD rpAb production will be demonstrated in the detailed description and by a working example.

DEFINITIONS

An “antibiotic resistance gene” is a gene encoding a protein that can overcome the inhibitory or toxic effect that an antibiotic has on a cell ensuring the survival and continued proliferation of cells in the presence of the antibiotic.

The term “antibody” describes a functional component of serum and is often referred to either as a collection of molecules (antibodies or immunoglobulin) or as one molecule (the antibody molecule or immunoglobulin molecule). An antibody molecule is capable of binding to or reacting with a specific antigenic determinant (the antigen or the antigenic epitope), which in turn may lead to induction of immunological effector mechanisms. An individual antibody molecule is usually regarded as monospecific, and a composition of antibody molecules may be monoclonal (i.e., consisting of identical antibody molecules) or polyclonal (i.e., consisting of different antibody molecules reacting with the same or different epitopes on the same antigen or even on distinct, different antigens). Each antibody molecule has a unique structure that enables it to bind specifically to its corresponding antigen, and all natural antibody molecules have the same overall basic structure of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains. Antibodies are also known collectively as immunoglobulins. The terms antibody or antibodies as used herein are also intended to include chimeric and single chain antibodies, as well as binding fragments of antibodies, such as Fab, Fab′ or F(ab)₂ molecules, Fv fragments or scFv fragments or any other stable fragment, as well as full-length antibody molecules and multimeric forms such as dimeric IgA molecules or pentavalent IgM.

The term “anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segment” describes a nucleic acid segment comprising a pair of V_(H) and V_(L) genetic elements. The segment may further comprise light chain and/or heavy chain constant region genetic elements, e.g. Kappa or Lambda light chain constant region and/or one or more of the constant region domains CH1, CH2, CH3 or CH4 selected from one of the isotypes IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, IgM, IgD and IgE. The preferred isotypes are IgG1 and/or IgG3. The nucleic acid segment may also comprise one or more promoter cassettes, either facilitating bi-directional or uni-directional transcription of the V_(H) and V_(L)-encoding sequences. Additional transcriptional or translational elements, such as functional leader sequences directing the gene product to the secretory pathway, poly A signal sequences, UCOE's and/or an IRES may also be present in the segment.

The term “anti-RhD recombinant polyclonal antibody” or “anti-RhD rpAb” describes a composition of recombinantly produced diverse antibody molecules, where the individual members are capable of binding to at least one epitope on the Rhesus D antigen. Preferably, the composition is produced from a single manufacturing cell line. The diversity of the polyclonal antibody is located in the variable regions (V_(H) and V_(L) regions), in particular in the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR 3 regions.

The term “bias” is used to denote the phenomenon during recombinant polyclonal antibody production, wherein the composition of an expression library, polyclonal cell line, or polyclonal protein alters over time due to random genetic mutations, differences in proliferation kinetics between individual cells, differences in expression levels between different expression construct sequences, or differences in the cloning efficiency of DNA.

The terms “a distinct member of the anti-RhD rpAb” denotes an individual antibody molecule of the recombinant polyclonal antibody composition, comprising one or more stretches within the variable regions, which are characterized by differences in the amino acid sequence compared to the other individual members of the polyclonal protein. These stretches are in particular located in the CDR1, CDR2 and CDR 3 regions.

As used herein, the term “genome” is not to be taken literally as the normal complement of chromosomes present in a cell, but also extra-chromosomal elements that can be introduced into and maintained in a cell. Such extra-chromosomal elements can include, but are not limited to, mini-chromosomes, YACs (yeast artificial chromosomes), MACs (mouse artificial chromosomes), or HACs (human artificial chromosomes).

The term “head-to-head promoters” refers to a promoter pair being placed in close proximity so that transcription of two genetic elements driven by the promoters occurs in opposite directions (bi-directional transcription). Construction of such a system is described in details in example 3 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,208, which is hereby incorporated by reference. A head-to-head promoter can also be constructed with a stuffer composed of irrelevant nucleic acids between the two promoters. Such a stuffer fragment can easily contain more than 500 nucleotides.

The term “hot-spot” as in “hot-spot cell line” refers to a pre-established locus of the genome of the cell that has been selected or generated and characterized for highly efficient transcription of an integrated nucleic acid segment of interest upon integration of the expression vector into that site.

The term “immunoglobulin” commonly is used as a collective designation of the mixture of antibodies found in blood or serum, but may also be used to designate a mixture of antibodies derived from other sources or is used in the term “immunoglobulin molecule”.

The term “internal ribosome entry site” or “IRES” describes a structure different from the normal 5′ cap-structure on an mRNA. Both structures can be recognized by a ribosome to initiate scanning for an AUG codon to initiate translation. By using one promoter sequence and two initiating AUG's, a first and a second polypeptide sequence can be translated from a single mRNA. Thus, to enable co-translation of a first and a second polynucleotide sequence from a single dicistronic mRNA, the first and second polynucleotide sequence can be transcriptionally fused via a linker sequence including an IRES sequence that enables translation of the polynucleotide sequence downstream of the IRES sequence. In this case, a transcribed dicistronic RNA molecule will be translated from both the capped 5′ end and from the internal IRES sequence of the dicistronic RNA molecule to thereby produce both the first and the second polypeptide.

As used herein the term “library” refers to a collection of variant nucleic acid sequences. For example a collection of nucleic acid sequences encoding a diverse population of antibody variable heavy chains and/or variable light chains. Where a member of the variant nucleic acid sequence is comprised of two variant genetic elements, e.g. V_(H) and V_(L), it will often be termed a nucleic acid segment. The collection of variant nucleic acid sequences/segments can either be in the form of a pool of such nucleic acid sequences, or it can be a collection of separate nucleic acid sequences (e.g. one unique sequence in each well of a 96 well plate). A library of the present invention typically have at least 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 1000, 10⁴, 10⁵ or 10⁶ distinct members. In “library of vectors” the variant nucleic acid sequences/segments have been inserted into a vector. However, the terms library and library of vectors can also be used interchangeably.

The term “a library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors” refers to a collection of variant anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid sequences inserted into a vector carrying regulatory elements for transcription of the anti-RhD antibodies. The regulatory elements can either be Located in the inserted nucleic acid segments or in the vector framework. Preferably the anti-RhD antibody expression vectors also carry at least one recombinase recognition sequences, e.g. a FRT site, it may also carry two different recombinase recognition sequences such as a FRT and a FRT site.

The term “a majority of the individual cells” refers to a percentage of the cells such as more than 80%, preferably more than 85%, more preferably 90%, 95%, or even 99% or higher.

The term “mass transfer” or “transfer in-mass” is used to describe the transfer of nucleic acid segments of interest from one population of vectors to another population of vectors and doing so for each nucleic acid segments simultaneously without resorting to isolation of the individual segments of interest. Such populations of vectors can be libraries containing for example variable regions, promoters, leaders or enhancing elements of interest. These sequences can then be moved without prior isolation from for example a phage vector to a mammalian expression vector. Especially for antibody sequences this technique ensures that the linkage between V_(H) and V_(L) diversity is not lost while moving libraries from, for example, a selection vector (e.g., a phage display vector) to a mammalian expression vector. Hereby the original pairing of V_(H) and V_(L) is retained.

As used herein, the term “operably linked” refers to a segment being linked to another segment when placed into a functional relationship with the other segment. For example, DNA encoding a signal sequence is operably linked to DNA encoding a polypeptide if it is expressed as a leader that participates in the transfer of the polypeptide to the endoplasmic reticulum. Also, a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it stimulates the transcription of the sequence.

The term “polyclonal antibody” describes a composition of different (diverse) antibody molecules which is capable of binding to or reacting with several different specific antigenic determinants on the same or on different antigens. Usually, the variability of a polyclonal antibody is located in the so-called variable regions of the polyclonal antibody, in particular in the CDR regions. When stating that a member of a polyclonal antibody binds to an antigen, it is herein meant a binding having binding constant that is below 1 mM, preferably below 100 nM, even more preferred below 10 nM.

The term “recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line” refers to a mixture/population of protein expressing cells that are transfected with a library of variant nucleic acid segments of interest such that the individual cells, which together constitute the recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line, each carry only one transcriptionally active copy of a distinct nucleic acid segment of interest, which encodes one member of the recombinant polyclonal antibody of interest, and that each copy is integrated into the same site of the genome of each cell. The cells constituting the recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line are selected for their ability to retain the integrated copy of the distinct nucleic acid segment of interest, for example by antibiotic selection. Cells which can constitute such a manufacturing cell line can be for example bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic cells, such as yeast, insect cells or mammalian cells, especially immortal mammalian cell lines such as CHO cells, COS cells, BHK cells, myeloma cells (e.g., Sp2/0 cells, NS0), NIH 3T3, YB2/0 and immortalized human cells, such as HeLa cells, HEK 293 cells, or PER.C6.

The term “recombinant antibody” is used to describe an antibody molecule or several molecules that is/are expressed from a cell or cell line transfected with an expression vector comprising the coding sequence of the protein which is not naturally associated with the cell, if the antibody molecules are diverse or different, the term “recombinant polyclonal antibody” applies in accordance with the definition of a polyclonal antibody.

The term “recombinase” refers to an enzyme that catalyses recombination between two or more recombination sites or recombination recognition sequences. Recombinases useful in the present invention catalyze recombination at specific recombination sites that are specific nucleic acid sequences recognized by a particular recombinase.

The terms “recombinase recognition site” or “recombination site” describe a nucleic acid sequence which serves as site for both recognition and recombination by a site-specific recombinase enzyme. A recombinase recognition site is generally comprised of short inverted repeat elements (11-13 bp in length) that flank a core sequence (6-8 bp in length). Recombinase recognition sites are also termed recombinase target sites, recombination sites or integration sites and include as examples the FLP-site, loxP-site, attP/attB-sites, six-site, gix-site, R-site and Res-site. Recombinase recognition sites between which a recombinase can catalyze an integration, excision or inversion event are termed matching recombinase recognition sites, for example are two wild type FRT sites considered to match, as well as an attB site and an attP site constitute a matching pair of recombinase recognition sites, whereas, a wildtype FRT site and a mutant FRT site will not necessarily constitute a matching pair of recombinase recognition sites; this will depend on the mutation. These terms are also used interchangeably with the term integration site.

The term “RFLP analysis” refers to “restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis”, a method whereby the migratory gel pattern of nucleic acid molecule fragments is analyzed after cleavage with restriction enzymes.

The term “scrambling” describes situations where two or more distinct members of a polyclonal protein, where each member is comprised of two different polypeptide chains, e.g. V_(H) and V_(L) chains, is expressed from an individual cell. This situation may arise when the individual cell has integrated into the genome, more than one pair of genetic elements, where each pair of genetic elements encodes a distinct member of the polyclonal protein. In such situations unintended combinations of the polypeptide chains expressed from the genetic elements can be made, “V_(H)-V_(L) chain scrambling” is an example of the scrambling defined above. The scrambling occurs when unintended combinations of V_(H) and V_(L) polypeptides are produced from a cell where two different V_(H) and V_(L)-encoding nucleic acid segments are integrated into transcriptional active sites in the same cell. Such a scrambled antibody molecule is not likely to retain the original specificity, and thus might not have any therapeutic effect.

The term “selection” is used to describe a method where cells have acquired a certain characteristic that enable the isolation from cells that have not acquired that characteristic. Such characteristics can be resistance to a cytotoxic agent or production of an essential nutrient, enzyme, or color.

The terms “selectable marker gene”, “selection marker gene”, “selection gene” and “marker gene” are used to describe a gene encoding a selectable marker (e.g., a gene conferring resistance against some cytotoxic drug such as certain antibiotics, a gene capable of producing an essential nutrient which can be depleted from the growth medium, a gene encoding an enzyme producing analyzable metabolites or a gene encoding a colored protein which for example can be sorted by FACS) which is co-introduced into the cells together with the gene(s) of interest.

The term “transfection” is herein used as a broad term for introducing foreign DNA into a cell. The term is also meant to cover other functional equivalent methods for introducing foreign DNA into a cell, such as e.g., transformation, infection, transduction or fusion of a donor cell and an acceptor cell.

As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule into which a nucleic acid sequence can be inserted for transport between different genetic environments and/or for expression in a host cell. A vector capable of integrating into the genome of a host cell at a pre-determined, specific locus in the genome is herein named “a vector for site-specific integration”. If the vector carries regulatory elements for transcription of the nucleic acid sequence inserted in the vector (at least a suitable promoter), the vector is herein called “an expression vector”. The term “an isotype-encoding vector” refers to a vector carrying nucleic acid sequences encoding an antibody isotype. In the present specification, “phagemid vector” and “phage vector” are used interchangeably. The terms “plasmid” and “vector” are used interchangeably. The invention is intended to include such other forms of vectors, which serve equivalent functions for example plasmids, phagemids and virus genomes or any nucleic acid molecules capable of directing the production of a desired protein in a proper host.

The following style of writing “V_(H):LC” and “V_(H):V_(L)” indicate a particular pair of a variable heavy chain sequence with a light chain or a variable light chain sequence. Such particular pairs of V_(H) and V_(L) sequences can either be nucleic acid sequences or polypeptides. In the present invention particular V_(H) and V_(L) pairs confer binding specificity towards the rhesus D antigen.

Abbreviations: Ab=antibody. Anti-RhD rpAb=anti-Rhesus D recombinant polyclonal antibody. CASY=Cell Counter+Analyzer System. ELISA=Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. FRT=Flp Recombinase Target. GFP=Green Flourescent Proteins. HDN=hemolytic disease of the newborn. ITP=idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. LTR=Long Terminal Repeat mAb=monoclonal antibody pMCB=polyclonal master cell bank, PVDF=polyvinylidene difluorid. pWCB=polyclonal working cell hank. RBC=red blood cells. RhD=Rhesus D, RhD(−)=Rhesus D negative. RhD(+)=Rhesus D positive. RhD^(VI)=Rhesus D category VI antigen. AntiD=polyclonal immunoglobulin preparation against RhD from hyperimmune donors. SV40 poly A=Simian Virus 40 poly A signal sequence. UCOE=ubiquitous chromatin opening elements. 5′UTR=5′ untranslated region of the mRNA.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A: Flow chart outlining the generation of a recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line and the production of a recombinant polyclonal antibody, 1) Illustrates a bulk transfection strategy; 2) illustrates a semi-hulk transfection strategy and 3) illustrates an individual transfection strategy. A) Illustrates the library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors (horizontal lines), the arrowheads illustrate the grouping of the vectors. In strategy 1 the vectors are grouped in bulk, in strategy 2 they are grouped in smaller fractions (semi-bulk), whereas in strategy 3 they are kept separate from each other (individual). B) Illustrates the transfection, where the number of tubes depends on the grouping of the vectors constituting the library. C) Illustrates selection of cells that site-specifically have integrated an anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segment into the host cell genome, D) illustrates the generation of a polyclonal anti-RhD antibody library stock, where the selected cells constituting the integrated anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segments are stored in a freezer. It is optional to bank individual clones or pool the clones. E) Illustrates the beginning of the manufacturing phase, where clones from the stock are thawed (either individually, from smaller fractions or from a pool). F) Illustrates the stage in the production where the polyclonal cell line is propagated for seeding of a larger bioreactor (intermediate seeding steps are an option although not illustrated). In strategy 2 and 3, this is the stage where the polyclonal cell clone stock no longer is kept as individual clones or semi-bulk fractions, but pooled into a collection of cells, forming a recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line (this polyclonal manufacturing cell line may also be stored as a frozen stock). G) Illustrates the final production obtained from the bioreactor manufacturing. Following the production phase, the polyclonal protein composition is harvested for purification and characterization of the product.

FIG. 1B: Flow chart outlining the generation a pWCB/pMCB and a sub-pWCB from individually transfected host cells and the seeding of a polyclonal manufacturing cell line. A) Illustrates a library comprised of variable region-encoding nucleic acid segments, the arrowheads illustrate the individual members of the library. B) Illustrates the transfection, where each individual member of the library is used to transfect a host cell. The transfection requires as many separate tubes as there are individual members of the library. C) Illustrates selection of cells that have integrated a variable region-encoding nucleic acid segment into their genome in a stable manner, D) Illustrates the selection of individual cell lines that have similar proliferation rates and/or productivity, e.g. by cloning and analysis of single cells sorted by FACS. This step is optional in the generation of a pWCB/pMCB and may also be performed after step E. E) Illustrates the generation of a frozen library stock, constituted of n times individual cell lines each expressing one member of the library comprised of variable region-encoding nucleic acid segments used for transfection. It is optional to bank individual clones into a frozen library stock prior to the generation of a pWCB/pMCB. F) Illustrates the mixing of the individual cell lines, where ampoules from the individual library stock are thawed and expanded in separate cell cultures, followed by the mixing of a predefined number of cells from each culture into a single cell culture. G) Illustrates generation of a pWCB/pMCB by freezing down aliquots from the mixed cell culture in F, thereby generating a collection of vials. H) Illustrates the generation of a sub-pWCB by expanding a single vial from the pMCB and freezing down aliquots with approximately the same number of cells as in the vial from the pMCB. I) Illustrates the generation of a polyclonal manufacturing cell line from a seed train (intermediate seeding steps which are not illustrated) initiated either from the pWCB or the sub-pWCB.

FIG. 2: Phage display vector: Em351, an E. coli vector used to generate an anti-RhD Fab phage display library by inserting heavy chain variable region and the light chain fragments amplified from a suitable donor into the vector at the indicated AscI/XhoI and NheI/NotI restriction sites, respectively. The vector comprises the following elements: pro Amp and Amp=promoter and ampicillin resistance gene. pUC Ori=origin of replication. Human CH1=sequence encoding human immunoglobulin gamma 1 heavy chain domain 1. Stuffer=irrelevant sequence inserts which are cut out during insertion of the heavy and light chain fragments. p tac and p lac Z=bacterial promoters. PelB=modified bacterial PelB leaders for targeting expression of the Fab to the periplasmic space of the E. coli. Mycut=proteinase recognition site. Amber stop=amber stop codon. gIII=phage M13 truncated geneIII (from by 198 to the C-terminal).

FIG. 3A-C: Alignment of the nucleic acid sequences encoding the variable heavy chain (V_(H)) of the 56 selected RhD clones. The individual clone names are indicated to the right of the alignment, and the position of CDR regions are indicated above the alignments.

FIG. 4A-E: Alignment of the nucleic acid sequences encoding the entire light chain of the 56 selected RhD clones. The individual clone names together with an indication of whether it is a Kappa or Lambda chain are indicated to the right of the alignment, and the position of CDR regions are indicated above the alignments.

FIG. 5: Alignment of the amino acid sequences corresponding to V_(H) of the 56 selected RhD clones. The individual clone names are indicated to the right of the alignment, and the position of CDR regions are indicated above the alignments.

FIG. 6A-B: Alignment of the amino acid sequences corresponding to V_(L) of the 56 selected RhD clones, wherein (A) corresponds to the Kappa chains and (B) to the Lambda chains. The individual clone names are indicated to the right of the alignment, and the position of CDR regions are indicated above the alignments.

FIG. 7: Neo exp. vector: Schematic representation of the mammalian expression vector used to facilitate site-specific integration into the genome of a host cell of the anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segments. The vector comprises the following elements: pro amp and AMP=promoter and ampicillin resistance gene. pUC origin=pUC origin of replication. Restriction enzyme sites: XhoI, AscI, NheI and NotI. P1/P2=promoter set driving the expression of the light chain and IgG heavy chain, respectively. LH=heavy chain leader sequence. VH=Sequence coding for the variable heavy chain of an anti-RhD Ab. Human IgG1 constant heavy=Sequences coding for the human constant IgG1 heavy chain. RBG polyA=Rabbit β-globin polyA signal sequence. BGH polyA=Bovine Growth Hormone polyA signal sequence. LK=kappa chain leader sequence. Light chain=Sequence coding for the light chain of an anti-RhD Ab. FRT site=Flp recombinase recognition sequence. Neomycin=Neomycin resistance gene. SV40 poly A=Simian virus 40 polyA signal sequence.

FIG. 8: Cation exchange chromatograms of anti-RhD rpAb composition from aliquots 3948 and 3949 after 9 weeks cultivation. The lower diagram corresponds to aliquot 3949 and the upper one to aliquot 3948. The Y-axis of the top diagram has been displaced in order to separate it from the lower diagram. Peaks A-J comprise antibodies differing in net charge and individual antibodies appearing charge heterogeneous.

FIG. 9: Gel picture showing HinfI RFLP analysis on RT-PCR product derived from polyclonal cell line aliquots 3948+ and 3949+ (FCW065) producing anti-RhD rpAb after 11 weeks cultivation. Bands which can be assigned to specific clones are identified.

FIG. 10: T-RFLP patterns of anti-Rhesus D antibody light chains from a polyclonal cell culture expressing anti-RhD rpAb with eight different anti-Rhesus D antibodies. The eight different anti-Rhesus D clones have been assigned to the peaks indicated by arrows.

FIG. 11: T-RFLP patterns of anti-Rhesus D antibody heavy chain variable regions from a polyclonal cell culture expressing anti-RhD rpAb with twenty-five different anti-Rhesus D antibodies at a given time point. The twenty-five different anti-Rhesus D clones have been assigned to the peaks indicated by arrows.

FIG. 12: cDNA distribution estimated by T-RFLP of eight different anti-Rhesus D heavy chain-encoding sequences from a polyclonal cell culture which was cultivated for five weeks.

FIG. 13: Shows the relative content (%) of an anti-RhD rpAb with eight different antibodies analyzed using cation-exchange chromatography. Integrated chromatographic peaks were assigned to individual antibodies from the retention times and peak patterns obtained from single antibodies analyzed individually using cation-exchange chromatography under identical conditions.

FIG. 14: Cation-exchange chromatogram of an anti-RhD rpAb with twenty-five individual members from a sample obtained after 4 weeks cultivation. Peaks AC1 to 25 comprise antibodies differing in net charge and individual antibodies appearing charge heterogeneous.

FIG. 15: (A) Shows a comparison of the potency of three batches, Sym04:21, Sym04:23, and Sym04:24, of anti-RhD pAb with 25 individual members, produced by fed batch cultivation in 5 L scale. Binding of pAb to RhD-positive erythrocytes was measured by FACS and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) is shown as a function of pAb concentration in ng/ml. Further, the functional activity of an anti-RhD pAb with 25 individual members was measured on Sym04:21 and Sym04:24 in a combined ADCC/phagocytosis assay. (B) Shows the ADCC results as percentage of specific lysis of RhD-positive and RhD-negative erythrocytes as a function of pAb concentration in ng/ml. (c) Shows the percentage of phagocytosis of RhD-positive and RhD-negative erythrocytes as a function of pAb concentration in ng/ml.

FIG. 16: Cation-exchange chromatography profiles showing samples taken at different stages during down-stream processing of an anti-RhD rpAb sample containing 25 individual members represented by material collected following capture elution (A), Sephadex G-25 (B), DEAE-Sepharose (C), and MEP Hypercel (D)

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The Recombinant Polyclonal Protein Expression System

The present invention provides a recombinant polyclonal antibody expression system for the consistent manufacturing of anti-RhD recombinant polyclonal antibody (anti-RhD rpAb) from one or a few cell lines.

One of the major advantages of the manufacturing method of the present invention is that all the members constituting the anti-RhD rpAb can be produced in one or a few bioreactors or equivalents thereof. Further, the anti-RhD rpAb composition can be purified from the reactor as a single preparation without having to separate the individual members constituting the anti-RhD rpAb during the process. In contrast, if one wanted to mimic an anti-RhD rpAb composition by mixing purified anti-RhD monoclonal antibodies (anti-RED mAbs) (as for example proposed in WO 97/49809) it would require the separate manufacturing in a bioreactor, of each anti-RhD mAb to be included in the composition and most likely the antibodies would be purified individually as well. Such a production of an anti-RhD mAb mixture would be very costly, and time and space consuming compared to the method of the present invention for producing an anti-RhD recombinant polyclonal. Thus, the method as described in WO 97/49809 would naturally result in a practical limit to the number of anti-RhD mAbs that could be included in such a mixture, whereas the technology as described herein generally can produce a polyclonal antibody with as many individual members as desired. Further, the individual members of an anti-RhD rpAb of the present invention are produced under exact same conditions (in the same manufacturing reactor), thus uniform posttranslational modifications are ensured compared to a mixture of anti-RhD mAbs where slight production differences from batch to hatch may change the product properties.

In order to obtain a recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line which is capable of expressing anti-RhD rpAb without significant loss of the diversity characterizing the polyclonality during the production period, the individual cells within the mixture of cells composing the polyclonal manufacturing cell line will need to be as uniform as possible.

Conventional monoclonal antibody expression techniques using random integration are undesirable for the production of a recombinant polyclonal antibody, since the random nature of the process will cause the number and positions of the integrated nucleic acid sequences to vary from cell to cell. Thus, if recombinant polyclonal antibody is produced by such traditional protocols, it is likely to result in a heterogeneous cell culture with variable expression rates of individual members of the polyclonal protein, and genetic instability due to positional effects of the integrated nucleic acid segment. This will most likely result in a biased expression of the members constituting the polyclonal protein.

Introduction of the anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segment into a predefined genomic site is therefore desirable, this can in principle be achieved by homologous recombination. However, owing to the dominance of illegitimate recombination events, homologous recombination is very inefficient and may also result in introduction of several copies of variant anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segments into the genome of a single cell.

To circumvent these problems the expression system of the present invention uses site-specific integration into the genome of the individual host cells. The system of the present invention encompasses a library of anti-RFD antibody expression vectors for site-specific integration comprising the variant nucleic acid segments encoding the anti-RhD rpAb. Individual nucleic acid segments from the library are inserted into individual cells at the same pre-established chromosomal location by site-specific integration at a predefined recombination recognition site or by a recombinase-mediated cassette exchange procedure, thereby generating a cell line, wherein the individual cells expresses a distinct member of the anti-RhD rpAb. As described below, multiple integrations might occur in some of the cells constituting the recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line. This, however, is not considered to pose a problem as long as a majority of the individual cells express a single distinct member of the anti-RhD rpAb. Preferably this is achieved by ensuring a single integrant in the genome of the majority of the individual cells or if there are more integrants, ensuring that only one is transcribed.

Recombinases such as Cre, Flp, beta-recombinase, Gin, Pin, PinB, PinD, R/RS, Tn3 resolvase, XerC/D integrase/recombinase, lambda integrase, or phage ΦC31 integrase can be used. Suitable recombinases for integration into the chromosomal location can be provided either (i) by expression from the cell's own genome into which said nucleic acid segment is introduced, (ii) by being operatively encoded by the vector inserted into the cell, (iii) through expression from a second nucleic acid molecule, or (iv) as a protein. In a preferred embodiment, the anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segment contained in an individual vector of the library is integrated into a locus that mediates high-level transcription and expression of the anti-RhD antibody nucleic acid segment, a so-called “hot-spot”.

The host cell line used is preferably a mammalian cell line comprising those typically used for biopharmaceutical protein expression, e.g., CHO cells, COS cells, BHK cells, myeloma cells (e.g., Sp2/0 cells, NS0), YB2/0, NIH 3T3, and immortalized human cells, such as HeLa cells, HEK 293 cells, or PER.C6. In the present invention CHO cells were used. However, a person of ordinary skill in the art would easily be able to substitute CHO cells with other mammalian cells as described, or even utilize other types of cells, including plant cells, yeast cells, insect cells, fungi and bacteria. Thus, the choice of cell type is not intended to be limiting to the invention. In a preferred embodiment, a mammalian cell line containing a pre-characterized hot-spot, mediating high expression levels of the anti-RhD rpAb is used for the manufacture. In an even more preferred embodiment, the mammalian cell line contains a single recombinase recognition site located in a pre-identified hot-spot.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, variant anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segments are integrated in a site-specific manner utilizing the same chromosomal integration site in the host cells. Such incorporation into a single specific site minimizes positional effects otherwise seen with random integration or integration into multiple sites in a genome. Further, scrambling among V_(H) and V_(L) chains is not likely to occur when using a single specific site for integration.

In a host cell line comprising a site-specific integration system, the individual transfected host cells are expressing the same overall antibody apart from the differences observed in the variable region of the antibody. Therefore, a majority of cells within such a pool of cells should display similar characteristics with respect to productivity and genetic stability and hence this technology offers the possibility of a controlled production of an anti-RhD rpAb.

In addition to the variability of the V_(H) and V_(L) regions, in particular the CDR regions, the constant regions may also be varied with respect to isotype. This implies that one particular V_(H) and V_(L) pair may be produced with varying constant heavy chain isotypes, e.g. the human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, IgM, IgD and IgE. Thus, an anti-RhD rpAb may comprise antibody molecules that are characterized by sequence differences between the individual antibody molecules in the variable region (V region) as well as in the constant region. The anti-RhD rpAb composition can be composed of antibodies with any heavy chain isotype mentioned above or combinations thereof. Preferred anti-RhD rpAb compositions contain IgG1 constant regions, IgG3 constant regions or IgG1 and IgG3 constant regions. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention each or some of the V_(H) and V_(L) pairs are expressed with a human IgG1, IgG3, IgA1 and/or IgA2 constant heavy chain.

In order to provide a library of anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segments a number of methods known in the art may be utilized. A first library comprising V_(H) and V_(L)-encoding segments may either be generated by combinatorial techniques (e.g. EP 0 368 684) or techniques maintaining the cognate pairing (pairs of variable region-encoding sequences derived from the same cell, described in WO 05/042774 claiming the priority of the unpublished patent application DK 200400782). Further, V_(H) and V_(L)-encoding segment libraries may be generated by incorporating isolated CDR gene fragments, into an appropriate framework (e.g. Soderlind, E. et al., 2000. Nat. Biotechnol. 18, 852-856), or by mutation of one or more anti-RhD V_(H). and V_(L)-encoding sequences. This first library is screened for V_(H) and V_(L)-encoding nucleic acid segments producing antibodies or fragments with binding specificity towards RhD, thereby generating a library of anti-RhD Ab-encoding nucleic acid segments. In particular with combinatorial libraries the screening is preceded by an enrichment step for example a so-called biopanning step. Known biopanning technologies are phage display (Kang, A. S. et al. 1991. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88, 4363-4366), ribosome display (Schaffitzel, C. et al. 1999. J. Immunol. Methods 231, 119-135), DNA display (Cull, M. G. et al. 1992, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89, 1865-1869), RNA-peptide display (Roberts, R. W., Szostak, J. W., 1997. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94, 12297-12302), covalent display (WO 98/37186), bacterial surface display (Fuchs, P. et al. 1991. Biotechnology 9, 1369-1372), yeast surface display (Boder, E. T., Wittrup, K. D., 1997. Nat Biotechnol 15, 553-557) and eukaryotic virus display (Grabherr, R., Ernst, W., 2001. Comb. Chem., High Throughput. Screen. 4, 185-192). FACS and magnetic bead sorting are also applicable for enrichment (panning) purposes using labeled antigen. The screening for Rhesus D binders are generally performed with immunodetection assays such as agglutination, FACS, ELBA, ELISA and/or immunodot assays.

Following screening, the generated sub-library of V_(H) and V_(L)-encoding nucleic acid segments, generally needs to be transferred from the screening vector to an expression vectors suitable for site-specific integration and expression in the desired host cell. It is important that the sequences encoding the individual V_(H):V_(L) pairs are maintained during the transfer. This can either be achieved by having the individual members of the sub-library separate and moving V_(H) and V_(L)-encoding sequences one by one. Alternatively, the vectors constituting the sub-library are pooled, and the sequences encoding the V_(H):V_(L) pairs are moved as segments, keeping the V_(H) and V_(L)-encoding sequences together during the transfer. This process is also termed mass transfer, and enables an easy transfer of all the selected V_(H):V_(L) pairs from one vector to another.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, an anti-RhD recombinant polyclonal antibody composition comprises a defined subset of individual antibodies, based on the common feature that they exhibit binding to at least one epitope on the Rhesus D antigen e.g. epD1, epD2, epD3, epD4, epD5, epD6/7, epD8 and/or epD9, but not or very weakly to Rhesus C, c, E, e antigens. Preferably the anti-RhD rpAb composition is composed of at least one antibody which bind to epi)₃, epD4 and epD9 (RhD category VI antigen binding antibody) and further antibodies which at least in combination binds to the remaining epitopes epD1, epD2, epD5, epD6 7 and epD8, e.g. an antibody against RhD category II or III antigen, or a RhD category IV or V antigen binding antibody combined with an antibody against category VII antigen. Typically an anti-RhD rpAb composition has at least 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 or 500 distinct variant members. The preferred number of variant members range between 5 and 100, even more preferred between 5 and 50 and most preferred between 10 and 25.

A further embodiment of the present invention is a recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line, comprising a collection of cells transfected with a library of anti-RhD polyclonal antibody-encoding nucleic acid segments, wherein each cell in the collection is capable of expressing one member of the library, which encodes a distinct member of an anti-RhD rpAb or fragment and which is located at the same site in the genome of individual cells in said collection, wherein said nucleic acid segment is not naturally associated with said cell in the collection.

In an additional embodiment the variant nucleic acid segments encoding the anti-RhD rpAb are all derived from naturally occurring sequences, for example isolated from a donor, either as combinatorial V_(H):V_(L) pairs or as cognate pairs, and not derived by mutation.

Compositions of cells that contain variant nucleic acids located at a single specific site in the genome within each cell have been described in WO 02/44361. This document discloses the use of the cells to identify molecules having desirable properties, but the reference does not deal with the provision of a production system or with the provision of polyclonal antibody characterized by a specific binding to an antigen.

The Host Cell

A suitable host cell comprises, in a region of its genome, one or more suitable recombination sites, i.e., nucleic acid sequences recognizable by one or more recombinase enzymes, hence also termed recombinase recognition sequences. To be able to select for integrants, (i.e., cells having an integrated copy of an anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segment in an integration site) the recombination site is operably linked to a first selection gene (e.g., an antibiotic resistance gene) situated 3′ (downstream) to the recombination site. Furthermore, a weak promoter (e.g., a truncated SV40 early promoter) and a transcription start codon may be situated 5 (upstream) to the recombination site that constitutes an integral part of the resistance marker-coding region. Thus, the transcription start codon initiates the start of transcription of the selection gene in the host cell before transfection with the library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors encoding the anti-RhD rpAb. Preferably, the host cell line only has one recombination site, and if it has more than one recombinase recognition sequence, these should be non-homologous as described in the section “The vector for site-specific integration”, only allow for a single integration into the genome.

Host cells for site-specific integration as described above can be generated from any cell which can integrate DNA into their chromosomes or retain extra-chromosomal elements such as mini-chromosomes, YACs (Yeast artificial chromosomes), MACs (Mouse artificial chromosomes), or HACs (Human artificial chromosomes). MACs and HACs are described in detail in WO 97/40183, hereby incorporated by reference. Preferably mammalian cells such as CHO cells, COS cells, BHK cells, myeloma cells (e.g., Sp2/0 or NS0 cells), fibroblasts such as NIH 3T3, and immortalized human cells, such as HeLa cells, HEK 293 cells, or PER.C6, are used. However, non-mammalian eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, such as plant cells, insect cells, yeast cells, fungi. E. coli etc., can also be employed.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the cell line which is to be used as starting material is sub-cloned by performing a so-called limiting dilution of the cell line down to a single cell level, followed by growing each single cell to a new population of cells prior to transfection with the library of vectors of interest. Such sub-cloning can also be performed later in the process of selecting the right cell line, if desired.

The host cells for site-specific integration may be obtained by transfection with a randomly integrating plasmid comprising a weak promoter (e.g., a truncated SV40 early promoter), a transcription start codon, a recombination site situated 3′ to the start codon. Preferably, the integrating plasmid also comprises a marker gene coupled to a first selection gene. One example of such an integrating plasmid is the pFRT/LacZeo2 from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.). The marker gene can be used to evaluate the relative strength of expression at the genomic location used for inserting a nucleic acid sequence of interest. A marker gene, (e.g., beta-galactosidase (LacZ), green fluorescent protein (GFP) or a cell surface marker) can be linked to the first selection gene in a gene fusion or transcriptionally linked by an IRES (internal ribosomal entry site) such that co-expression of the first selection gene and marker gene occurs. The use of a selection gene that establishes a survival pressure on the cells (e.g. drug resistance or nutritional depletion) combined with a marker allowing for evaluation of the relative expression levels from cell line to cell line is an efficient method to ensure high producing cells which maintain the integrated plasmid within the genome. Cells with the recombination sequence inserted at a spot with particularly active transcription will lead to high expression of the marker gene e.g. GFP or LacZ. High expressers can be selected by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and cloned. At this point it should also be analyzed whether the integrant is a single integrant. This can be performed by real-time PCR and Southern blotting. The preparation of cells having an FRT site at a pre-determined location in the genome was described in e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,677,177.

Another method for evaluating relative expression levels from cells transfected with an integrating plasmid is to perform an additional integration-excision step on the cells generated as described above. This pool of selected cells are transfected again, with a plasmid encoding a recombinase corresponding to the recombination site of the integrating plasmid and a second plasmid containing a second selection marker without a start codon, the coding region of which is preceded by a recombination sequence likewise corresponding to the first integrating plasmid. This second plasmid also contains the coding sequence for a fluorescent marker protein (e.g., GFP (or equivalent fluorescent proteins) driven by a suitable promoter. The recombinase mediates integration of this plasmid into the host cell genome where a similar recombination sequence previously has been inserted by the integrating plasmid. Cells with the recombination sequence inserted at a spot with particularly active transcription will lead to high expression of the fluorescent protein. High expressers are selected by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and cloned. Clones with consistently high expression and containing one copy of the inserted plasmid are transfected with the recombinase and selected by the first selection marker, identifying cells where the second plasmid sequence has been removed by the recombinase, making the first selection marker work again. These cells still contain the first recombination sequence inserted at a transcriptional hot-spot and can now be used for the expression of genes of interest.

Cell lines, which achieve high expression of the marker gene upon integration of a single copy of the plasmid, are used for transfection with the anti-RhD antibody expression library. The recombination site in the host cell is preferably located in a gene or region of particularly active expression, i.e., in a so-called hot-spot.

The Vector for Site-Specific Integration

A suitable vector comprises a suitable recombination site linked to a suitable selection gene different from the selection gene used for construction of the host cell. Suitable selection genes for use in mammalian cell expression include, but are not limited to, genes enabling for nutritional selection, such as the thymidine kinase gene (TK), glutamine synthetase gene (GS), tryptophan synthase gene (trpB) or histidinol dehydrogenase gene (hisD). Further, selection markers are antimetabolite resistance genes conferring drug resistance, such as the dihydrofolate reductase gene (dhfr) which can be selected for with hypoxanthine and thymidine deficient medium and further selected for with methotrexate, the xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene (gpt), which can be selected for with mycophenolic acid, the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neo) which can be selected for with G418 in eukaryotic cells and neomycin or kanamycin in prokaryotic cells, the hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hyg, hph, hpt) gene which can be selected for with hygromycin, the puromycin N-acetyl-transferase gene (pac) which can be selected for with puromycin or the Blasticidin S deaminase gene (Bsd) which can be selected for with blasticidin. Finally, genes encoding proteins that enables sorting e.g. by flow cytometry can also be used as selection markers, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), the nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) or other membrane proteins, or beta-galactosidase (LacZ).

In one aspect of the present invention, the selectable gene is neither preceded by a promoter nor equipped with a translation initiating codon. The promoter and ATG codon is provided at the selected site-specific recombination site. If the vector is integrated at a location other than the selected recombination site in the genome of the host cell, no expression of this second selection gene can occur due to lack of promoter and initiation codon. If integration occurs at the selected recombination site in the genome of the host cell, the second selection gene is expressed and expression of the first selection gene is lost.

Integration may e.g., be carried out using a so-called FRT site/Flp recombinase recognition sequence (5′-gaagttcctattccgaagttcctattactagaaagtataggaacttc-3′ (SEQ ID NO 1) or variants thereof) in the genome and on the vector for site-specific integration together with the Flp recombinase or mutants thereof from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, other recombinase systems may equally well be used, including those of Cre recombinase and a variety of lox sites such as loxP from bacteriophage P1 or variants or mutants thereof, e.g., lox66, lox71, lox76, lox75, lox43, lox44 and lox511 (C. Gorman and C. Bullock, Curr. Opinion in Biotechnology 2000, 11: 455-460) or by using phage integrase ΦC31 or lambda integrase, which carries out recombination between the attP site and the attB site (A. C. Groth et al. PNAS 2000, 97: 5995-6000). Further recombinase systems that could be utilized in the present invention are, but are not limited to, the β-recombinase-six system from bacterial plasmid. pSM19035 (Rojo and Alonso 1995), the Gin-gix system from bacteriophage Mu (Crisona et al 1994), the R-RS system from Zygosaccharomyces rouxii (Onouchi et al 1995), or Tn3 resolvase which recognize res recombination sites (Stark et al 1994) or the XerC/D system from F coli (Blakely and Sherratt 1994).

A further variant of the site-specific recombination system, termed recombinase cassette mediated exchange (RMCE),uses non-homologous recombination sites. In such a system, two non-identical recombination sites are introduced into the host genome for the generation of specific target sites. Recombination sites corresponding to those flanking the target site also flank the construct containing the gene of interest. Such a system has been described in WO 99/25854, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The use of non-homologous recombination sites was shown to suppress excision of the gene of interest from the chromosome. The non-identical recombination sites can be composed of any of the recombination sites described above as long as the corresponding recombinases are provided and the sites cannot recombine with each other. For example, non-identical recombination sites could consist of a FRT site and a mutant FRT site utilizing a Flp recombinase for integration (Schlake and Bode 1994, Biochemistry 33, 12746-12754 a loxP site and a mutant non-compatible loxP site utilizing the Cre recombinase (Langer et al 2002, Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 3067-3077) or a FRT site and a loxP site utilizing Hp and Cre recombinases for the integration (Lauth et al 2002, Nucleic Acids Res. 30, 21, e115).

Further, a system using two different FRT sites has been described in Verhoeyen et al., Hum. Gene Ther. 2001 12, 933-44. In this approach the integrating plasmid is transferred to the host cells by retroviral infection. The plasmid consists of a combination of a reporter gene and a first selection marker gene as well as the retroviral elements required for infection. The retroviral 3′LTR contains two different FRT sites. A non functional second selection marker gene, which lacks a promoter and the translation initiating codon is located 3′ to these sites. During the process of retroviral infection the 3′LTR sequence is copied to the 5′LTR. This results in the flanking of the reporter gene and the first selection marker gene by two different FRT sites on each side. The sequence between the outer FRT sites can be exchanged against an anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segment under the control of a strong promoter. The cassette containing the anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segment is flanked by the same set of FRT sites. The reaction is catalyzed by the Flp recombinase. In the transfected exchange plasmid an IRES element and a translation initiating codon are located further downstream of the nucleic acid segment. After replacement of the integrated cassette the non functional selection marker gene located in the 3′ LTR sequence outside the FRT sites is activated by the translation initiating codon provided by the cassette constituting the anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segment. The exchange status can further be enriched if a negative selection marker (e.g. thymidine kinase) is present in the integrating vector.

The integrating vector can also be transferred to the host cells by standard transfection. In this case the integrating cassette is flanked by an FRT site at the 5′ end and a different FRT′ site at the 3′ end. The ATG-deficient second resistance marker gene is positioned further downstream of the 3′ FRT′ site. The exchange for an anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segment proceeds as described for the retroviral system.

Another system that prevents excision of the anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segment after its site-specific integration into the chromosome is the ΦC31 integrase, also mentioned above. This system has been described thoroughly in patent applications WO 01/07572 and WO 02/08409, hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Preferably the integrating vector is an isotype-encoding vector, where the constant regions (preferably including introns) are present in the vector prior to insertion of the V_(H) and V_(L) comprising segment from the screening vector. The constant regions present in the vector can either be the entire heavy chain constant region (CH₁ to CH₃ or to CH₄) or the constant region encoding the Fc part of the antibody (CH₂ to CH₃ or to CH₄). The light chain Kappa or Lambda constant region may also be present prior to transfer. The choice of the number of constant regions present, if any, depends on the screening and transfer system used. The heavy chain constant regions can be selected from the isotypes IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, IgM, IgD and IgE. Preferred isotypes are IgG1 and/or IgG3.

Further, the vector for site-specific integration of the anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segment contains suitable promoters or equivalent sequences directing high levels of expression of each of the V_(H) and V_(L) chains. Preferably the promoters are of mammalian origin. The V_(H) and V_(L)-encoding sequences are placed as pairs in the vector used for integration (one pair per vector molecule), thereby ensuring that they will be kept together throughout the integration process. Preferably, the promoters are located within the anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segment. For bi-directional expression a head-to-head promoter configuration in the expression vector is used (FIG. 7). For unidirectional expression two promoters, one in front of the V_(H) genetic element and one in front of the V_(L) genetic element, or one promoter in front of V_(H) or V_(L) combined with an IRES sequence between the heavy and light genetic elements, can be used to achieve expression.

A nucleic acid sequence encoding a functional leader sequence can be included in the expression vector to direct the gene product to the endoplasmic reticulum or a specific location within the cell such as an organelle. A strong polyadenylation signal sequence can be situated 3′ of the heavy chain and light chain-encoding sequences. The polyadenylation signal ensures termination and polyadenylation of the nascent RNA transcript and is correlated with message stability.

The expression vector for site-specific integration can carry additional transcriptional regulatory elements, such as enhancers or UCOE (ubiquitous chromatin opening elements) for increased expression at the site of integration. Enhancers are nucleic acid sequences that interact specifically with cellular proteins involved in transcription. The UCOE opens chromatin or maintains chromatin in an open state and facilitates reproducible expression of an operably-linked gene (described in more detail in WO 00/05393, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). When one or more of the regulatory elements described in the above are integrated into the chromosome of a host cell they are termed heterologous regulatory elements.

Establishing an Expression System for High-Level Expression of a Polyclonal Protein

Methods for introducing a nucleic acid sequence into a cell are known in the art. These methods typically include the use of a DNA vector to introduce the sequence of interest into the cell, the genome or an extra-chromosomal element. Transfection of cells may be accomplished by a number of methods known to those skilled in the art, including calcium phosphate precipitation, electroporation, microinjection, liposome fusion, RBC ghost fusion, protoplast fusion, and the like.

For the transfection of a host cell line, a library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors, wherein each individual vector comprises one single copy of a nucleic acid segment, encoding a distinct member of the anti-RhD rpAb, is used. This library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors collectively encodes the anti-RhD rpAb. Suitable vectors for site-specific integration were described in the previous section. The individual vectors constituting the library of anti-RhD antibody-encoding nucleic acid segments can either be mixed together into a single composition, or the individual vectors encoding an individual member of the anti-RhD rpAb can be kept in separate compositions or in mixtures of approximately 5 to 50 individual vectors of the library in a composition.

The generation of a recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line and the production of a recombinant polyclonal antibody from such a cell line can be obtained by several different transfection and manufacturing strategies. These strategies are outlined in FIG. 1A and described in more detail below.

One way of generating the recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line, is to use a library of vectors mixed together into a single composition for the transfection of the host cell line. This method is termed bulk transfection or transfection in bulk (all the individual members of the library are transfected into the host cell line in one tube). Generally, the vector and host cell design previously described will ensure that a polyclonal cell line will be obtained upon appropriate selection. In such a cell line a majority of the individual cells have integrated one copy of a nucleic acid segment, encoding a distinct member of the anti-RhD rpAb from the library of anti-RID antibody expression vectors into the genome. The single copy of the nucleic acid segment is integrated into a single specific site of the genome of each cell in the collection of cells, thereby generating a polyclonal cell line comprised of individual cells expressing individual members of the anti-RhD rpAb. Preferably a frozen stock of the polyclonal cell line is generated before initiation of the anti-RhD rpAb manufacturing.

Another way of generating the recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line is to split the library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors into fractions, containing approximately 5 to 50 individual vectors of the library before transfection. Preferably, a fraction of the library constitutes 10 to 15 individual vectors. Each composition is then transfected into an aliquot of host cells. This method is termed semi-bulk transfection. The number of aliquots transfected will depend on the size of the library and the number of individual vectors in each fraction. If the library for example constitutes 50 distinct variant members, which are split into fractions containing 10 distinct variant members in a composition, 5 aliquots of host cells would need to be transfected with a library composition constituting a distinct fraction of the original library. The aliquots of host cells are selected for site-specific integration. Preferably, the distinct aliquots are selected separately. However, they can also be pooled before selection. To obtain the desired polyclonal cell line for manufacturing, the aliquots can be mixed before generating the frozen stock, immediately after they have been retrieved from the stock or after a short proliferation time. Optionally, the aliquots of cells are kept separate throughout production, and the polyclonal antibody composition is assembled by combining the products of each aliquot rather than the aliquots of cells before production.

A third way of generating the recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line, is a high throughput method in which host cells are transfected separately using the individual vectors constituting the library of anti-RID antibody expression vectors. This method is termed individual transfection. The individually transfected host cells are preferably selected for site-specific integration separately. However, they can also be pooled before selection. The individual cell clones generated upon selection may be analyzed with respect to proliferation time and integration pattern and preferably, those with similar growth rates and a single site-specific integrant are used to generate a frozen library stock. The individual cell clones can be mixed to obtain the desired polyclonal cell line before generating the stock, immediately after they have been retrieved from the stock, or after a short proliferation time. Alternatively, the individually transfected host cells are mixed even earlier, namely before selection is performed.

A shared feature in the manufacturing strategies outlined in the above is that all the individual members constituting the anti-RhD rpAb can be produced in one, or a limited number of bioreactors, with approximately 5 to 10 as the maximum. The only difference is the stage at which one chooses to generate the collection of cells that constitutes the recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line.

The host cell line to be used for expression and production of an anti-RhD rpAb has at least one nucleic acid sequence recognizable by a recombinase enzyme. The preparation of such a host cell line was described in the section “The host cell”.

The vector for site-specific integration is preferably integrated in a predefined genomic locus that mediates high-level expression, a so-called hot-spot.

If expression levels need to be increased, gene amplification can be performed using selection for a DHFR gene or a glutamine synthetase (GS) gene. This requires the use of vectors comprising such a selection marker,

The following description is one example of how to obtain a recombinant polyclonal antibody manufacturing cell line, where scrambling of the chains is minimal if existing at all.

Nucleic acid segments containing a universal promoter cassette for constitutive expression having two promoters placed in opposite transcriptional direction, such as a head-to-head construction surrounded by the variable heavy chain and the whole of the kappa light chain is constructed, allowing transfer of the whole construct into a vector for site-specific integration said vector comprising a FRT site and a neomycin resistance gene and the heavy chain constant region. It is contemplated that a promoter cassette for inducible expression can also be used. Furthermore, the promoters can be placed head-to-tail for unidirectional transcription. CHO-Flp-In cells (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) which stably express the lacZ-Zeocin fusion gene, are used for the experiment, rendering the cells resistant to the antibiotic Zeocin. The cells are maintained in a suitable media medium containing Zeocin. The cells are co-transfected in bulk with a plasmid expressing the Flp recombinase and the library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors for site-specific integration encoding the anti-RhD rpAb and a different selection marker (neomycin). After transfection, the cells are cultivated in the presence of neomycin. Cells that exhibit resistance to neomycin are then preferably adapted to growth in suspension as well as serum free conditions, this can be performed in one or two steps and with or without selection pressure. Alternatively, the cells are adapted to grow in suspension under serum free conditions prior to transfection of the cells. When the polyclonal cell line has been adapted to the appropriate conditions scaling up can be initiated using different culture systems, such as conventional small culture flasks, Nunc multilayer cell factories, small high yield bioreactors (MiniPerm, INTEGRA-CELLine, wavebags, BelloCell) and spinner flasks to hollow fiber- and bioreactors. The suitable production time and choice of final bioreactor size are dependent on the desired yield of protein from the batch and expression levels from the cell line. Times might vary from a couple of days up to three month. The cells are tested for antibody production using ELISA. The expressed anti-RhD rpAb is isolated from the supernatant. The anti-RIM rpAb is purified and characterized. Examples of purification and characterization procedures are described later.

Clonal Diversity/Polyclonality

One of the characteristics of a polyclonal antibody is that it is constituted of a number of individual antibody molecules where each antibody molecule is homologous to the other molecules of the polyclonal antibody, but also has a variability that is characterized by differences in the amino acid sequence between the individual members of the polyclonal antibody. These differences are normally confined to the variable region in particular the CDR regions, CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3. This variability of a polyclonal antibody can also be described as diversity on the functional level, e.g., different specificity and affinity with respect to different antigenic determinants on the same or different antigens located on one or more targets. In a recombinant polyclonal antibody the diversity constitutes a sub-set of the diversity observed in a donor derived immunoglobulin product. Such a sub-set is carefully selected and characterized with respect to its ability to bind desired target antigens, in this particular case the Rhesus D antigen.

One of the concerns with respect to production of a recombinant polyclonal antibody may be whether the clonal diversity is maintained in the final product. The clonal diversity may be analyzed by RFLP or sequencing of (RT)-PCR products from the cells expressing the anti-RhD rpAb. The diversity can also be analyzed on protein level by functional tests (e.g., ELISA) on the anti-RhD rpAb produced by the cell line, by anti-idiotypic antibodies to individual members or by chromatographic methods.

Clonal bias, if it exists, can be estimated by comparing the clonal diversity of the initial library, used for transfection, with the diversity found in the pool of cells (polyclonal cell line) expressing the anti-RhD rpAb.

Clonal diversity of an anti-RhD rpAb can be assessed as the distribution of individual members of the polyclonal composition. This distribution can be assessed as the total number of different individual members in the final polyclonal antibody composition compared to the number of different encoding sequences originally introduced into the cell line during transfection. In this case sufficient diversity is considered to be acquired when at least 50% of the encoding sequences originally used in the transfection can be identified as different individual members of the final anti-RhD rpAb. Preferably at least 75% of the anti-RhD antibody-encoding sequences used for transfection can be identified as antibodies in the final composition. Even more preferred at least 85% to 95%, and most preferred a 100% of the anti-RhD antibody-encoding sequences used for transfection can be identified as antibodies in the final composition.

The distribution of individual members of the anti-RhD rpAb composition can also be assessed with respect to the mutual distribution among the individual members. In this case sufficient clonal diversity is considered to be acquired if no single member of the composition constitutes more than 75% of the total number of individual members in the final anti-RhD rpAb composition. Preferably, no individual member exceeds more that 50%, even more preferred 25% and most preferred 10% of the total number of individual members in the final polyclonal composition. The assessment of clonal diversity based on the distribution of the individual members in the polyclonal composition can be performed by RFLP analysis, sequence analysis or protein analysis such as the approaches described later on for characterization of a polyclonal composition.

Clonal diversity may be reduced as a result of clonal bias which can arise a) during the cloning process, b) as a result of variations in cellular proliferation, or c) through scrambling of multiple integrants. If such biases arise, each of these sources of a loss of clonal diversity is easily remedied by minor modifications to the methods as described herein.

In order to limit bias introduced by cloning of the variable domains into the appropriate vectors, the transfer of the genes of interest from one vector to another may be designed in such a way that cloning bias is limited. Mass transfer techniques and a careful selection of the E. coli strain used for amplification can reduce the cloning bias. Another possibility is to perform an individual transfer of each polynucleotide encoding an individual member of the polyclonal antibody, between screening vectors and vectors for site-specific integration.

It is possible that variations in cellular proliferation rates of the individual cells in the cell line could, over a prolonged period of time, introduce a bias into the anti-RhD rpAb expression, increasing or reducing the presence of some members of the anti-RhD rpAb expressed by the cell line. One reason for such variations in proliferation rates could be that the population of cells constituting the starting cell line used for the initial transfection is heterogeneous. It is known that individual cells in a cell line develop differently over a prolonged period of time. To ensure a more homogeneous starting material, sub-cloning of the cell line prior to transfection with the library of interest may be performed using a limiting dilution of the cell line down to the single cell level and growing each single cell to a new population of cells (so-called cellular sub-cloning by limiting dilution). One or more of these populations of cells are then selected as starting material based on their proliferation and expression properties.

Further, the selection pressure used to ensure that only cells that have received site-specific integrants will survive, might affect proliferation rates of individual cells within a polyclonal cell line. This might be due to the favoring of cells that undergo certain genetic changes in order to adapt to the selection pressure. Thus, the choice of selection marker might also influence proliferation rate-induced bias. If this occurs, different selection markers should be tested. In cases where selection is based on a substance that is toxic to the cells, the optimal concentration should be tested carefully, as well as whether selection is needed throughout the entire production period or only in the initial phase.

An additional approach to ensure a well defined cell population is to use fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) after the transfection and selection procedures. Fluorescence labeled antibodies can be used to enrich for highly productive cells derived from a pool of cells transfected with IgG constructs (Brezinsky et al. J. 2003. Immunol Methods 277, 141-155). This method can also be used to sort cells expressing similar levels of immunoglobulin, thereby creating a homogenous cell population with respect to productivity. Likewise, by using labeling with the fluorescent dye 5,6-carboxylfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) cells showing similar proliferation rates can be selected by FACS methods. Further, differences in expression levels of the individual members of the anti-RhD rpAb may also introduce a bias into the final product over a prolonged period of time.

If the polyclonal cell line is generated by mixing separately transfected clones after selection (the 3^(rd) approach in FIG. 1A), the following selection criteria may be set up for the individual clones at the cell culture level prior to mixing: proliferation rates have to be between 24 and 32 hours, the productivity should exceed 1.5 μg antibody per cell per day, and the culture should show a homogenous cell population assessed by an intra cellular staining method. If desired a more homogenous cell population for each individual clone can be obtained with the surface staining method described by Brezinsky prior to mixing the individual clones by gating on a particular area of the population in connection with the FACS analysis.

Even if a proliferation rate-induced, or productivity-induced bias occurs, the loss or over-representation of individual members might not necessarily be critical, depending on the diversity requirements of the final anti-RhD rpAb product.

In cells with site-specific single integrants, the cells will only differ in the sequence of the variable regions of the antibodies to be expressed. Therefore, the different cellular effects imposed by variation in integration site and gene regulatory elements are eliminated and the integrated segments have minimal effects on the cellular proliferation rate. Neither scrambling nor multiple integrations is likely to cause problems in the proliferation rate of the manufacturing cell line, since these are rare events. Random integrations generally occur with an efficiency of approximately 10⁻⁵, whereas site-specific integration occurs with an efficiency of approximately 10⁻³. If multiple integrations should unexpectedly pose a problem, an alternative is to repeat the transfection with the library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors, because the likelihood that the event will reoccur is very small, as described above.

Considering statistics, bulk transfection of a large number of cells also constitutes a way to circumvent an undesired clonal bias. In this approach, a host cell line is transfected in bulk with the library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors. Such a library constitutes many copies of each distinct member of the library. These copies should preferably be integrated into a large number of host cells. Preferably at least 100, 1000, 10000 or 100000 individual cells are transfected with copies of distinct members of the library of variant nucleic acid segments. Thus, if a library of distinct variant nucleic acid segments is composed of 1000 distinct members which are each integrated into 1000 individual cells, 10⁶ clones containing a site-specifically integrated anti-RED antibody-encoding segment should arise from the transfection. In this manner the gausian curve of individual cell doubling rates should influence the general population only in very small degrees. This will increase the probability of keeping the clonal composition constant, even if a low percentage of the manufacturing cells should exhibit aberrant growth and/or expression properties.

Alternatively the semi-bulk transfection or individual transfection methods previously described may be used.

Establishment of a Polyclonal Working Cell Bank (pWCB)

The section “Establishing an expression system for high-level expression of a polyclonal protein” describes three alternative ways of establishing a polyclonal manufacturing cell line. The section describes the generation of a frozen library stock which is constituted of a collection of cells, obtained by bulk or semi-bulk transfection, where each individual cell in the library stock is capable of expressing an individual member from a library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors. Preferably, the clonal diversity requirements already described is fulfilled by the collection of cells, such that essentially all members of the library can be expressed from a frozen library stock ampoule, when thawn and expanded to establish a polyclonal manufacturing cell line. In the bulk transfection and semi-bulk transfection approaches the frozen library stock, can also be considered as a polyclonal working cell bank (pWCB), in that a single vial from the frozen library stock can be thawn and expanded into a polyclonal manufacturing cell line.

Alternatively, in the previously described third approach for the generation of a recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line, the frozen library stock is composed of separate cell lines, which have been individually transfected with an individual member of a library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors. The transfectants are selected for stable expression of the integrated vector-derived nucleic acid segment from their genome. Preferably, the nucleic acid segments are integrated site-specifically into one or more sites in the genome of the transfectants, and even more preferred in a single site of the genome. The transfected cells obtained e.g. from clonal colonies upon selection may either be isolated and maintained as single clones or pooled to generate a pool of clones expressing the same anti-RhD antibody. In the present invention a single clone of cells as well as pool of clones expressing the same antibody is termed an individual cell line. Thus, if the library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors constituted 25 individual members, the frozen library stock, in this third approach, would be composed of 25 individual cell lines (not a mixture of cell lines) each expressing an individual member from the library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors. Hence, one vial from this library stock will result in the generation of a monoclonal anti-RhD antibody if used for manufacturing.

The present invention exemplifies a library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors. However, the generation of a frozen library stock is independent of the antigen specificity of the polyclonal protein produced from a library comprised of variable region-encoding nucleic acid segments and may be used with any other library comprised of antibody V_(H) and V_(L)-encoding nucleic acid segments, or T cell receptor (TcR) α and β-, or γ and δ-encoding nucleic acid segments. A library comprised of variable region-encoding nucleic acid segments can in addition to the variable regions also encode one or more constant regions. Thus, a library comprised of antibody V_(H) and V_(L)-encoding nucleic acid segments may result in Fv, scFv, Fab molecules or full-length antibody molecules, and a library comprised of TcR variable region-encoding segments may result in molecules composed of TcR variable domain fragments, soluble TcRs or full-length TcRs.

In situations where the frozen library stock is composed of individual cell lines it will be appropriate to generate a pWCB which can be used for the establishment of the polyclonal manufacturing cell line by thawing and expanding the contents of a single ampoule. The individual cell lines used to generate such a pWCB are either obtained from i) a single clone or ii) a pool of clones (a pool of single colonies obtained after selection). The clones have been obtained from host cells individually transfected with, and selected for stable expression of an individual member of a library comprising variable region-encoding nucleic acid segments, such as antibody V_(H) and V_(L)-encoding segments or TcR α and β-, or γ and δ-encoding segments. Selection for stable expression is performed by procedures known in the art, e.g. using selection marker genes. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the individual cell lines are obtained from cloned or subcloned cells, e.g. by subjecting a cell line originating from i) or ii) (see previous description) to limiting dilution or single cell FACS analysis and selection, or by selecting high expression clones e.g. using a robot like the ClonePix FL (see below). The individual cell lines used to generate the pWCB as described above may be pre-stored in a frozen library stock of individual cell lines, from which an ampoule of each individual cell line is thawn and expanded prior to the generation of a pWCB. Preferably, the individual cell lines express full-length antibodies with properties that differ from the properties of the antibodies produced by the other members of the pWBC, e.g. different antigen specificity, different affinity, different variable or CDR regions and/or different constant regions.

Each cell line used to generate the pWCB, produces a different member of a polyclonal protein. Preferably, each distinct member of the polyclonal protein binds a particular antigen. Additionally, it is preferred that each distinct member is produced from a single specific site in the genome of each host cell. A pWCB is generated by mixing a predefined number of cells from each individual cell line. Preferably, the cells are mixed in equal numbers (a 1:1 ratio), although other ratios also may be desired (see later). The mixture of cells is frozen down in aliquots, in that they are distributed into a number of vials with a defined number of cells in each vial. These vials are frozen and stored as the pWCB for later manufacturing purposes. Preferably, the number of vials constituting the pWCB exceeds 1.0, 25, 50, 5, 100, 200, 500 or 1000 vials. The individual vials in a pWCB may be thawn at different points in time generating different batches of the polyclonal manufacturing cell line which are capable of producing a polyclonal protein with essentially the same composition from batch to batch (See Example 5).

In an alternative approach of the present invention, the polyclonal manufacturing cell line may be expanded from a sub-pWCB, which is derived from a pWCB. The sub-pWCB is generated by thawing a single vial from a pWCB and expanding the cells for a number of generations sufficient to produce a total number of cells which can be frozen down in a new series of aliquots (the sub-pWCB), with approximately the same number of cells in each sub-pWCB aliquot as in the pWCB vial originally used to generate the sub-pWCB. The advantage of this approach is that the pWCB now serves as a master cell bank as known from other recombinant protein production protocols. Thus, in this approach the pWCB may also be termed a polyclonal master cell bank (pMCB). When the sub-pWCB has been exhausted, it is possible to generate a new sub-pWCB from an aliquot of the pWCB/pMCB. This approach will therefore require a significantly lower amount of work than would be required to expand the individual cell lines from the frozen library stock and mixing a new pWCB. Further, in the event that the sub-pWCB is exhausted, the chance of producing further batches of the polyclonal manufacturing cell line, which are capable of producing a polyclonal protein with essentially the same composition from batch to batch is increased. The principle of generating a pWCB/pMCB and a sub-pWCB from individually transfected host cells is illustrated in FIG. 1B.

The advantage of producing a pWCB or pMCB by mixing individual cell lines which have been obtained by individual transfection, compared to the direct generation of a pWCB of pMCB by bulk transfection or semi-bulk transfection, is that it is possible to perform additional analysis and selections of the individually transfected cell lines prior to generation of the pWBC or pMCB. This may ensure a more stable polyclonal manufacturing cell line which fulfills the diversity requirements already described. In the following pWCB is to be understood as pWCB or pMCB.

In an additional embodiment of the present invention, individual cell lines which have been selected for stable expression of an individual member of a library of variable region-encoding nucleic acid segments as described above, are further characterized with respect to their proliferation rates and/or productivity prior to generation of a pWCB. In a preferred embodiment cell lines with similar proliferation rates or productivity are selected for the generation of a pWCB. Even more preferred, cell lines with similar productivity as well as similar proliferation rates are selected for the generation of the pWCB. Preferably, the cell lines are adapted to serum free suspension culture prior to the characterization of proliferation rates and/or productivity. Alternatively, the parental cells used for transfection are adapted to serum free suspension culture prior to transfection.

Proliferation rates can be assessed by methods known in the art, for example as described in example 2 of the current invention. Proliferation rates for mammalian cell lines should be between 18 and 100 hours, preferably between 22 and 40 hours and most preferred between 24 and 32 hours. The productivity should exceed 0.5 μg protein per cell per day (pg/(cell*day)), preferably it should exceed 1, 1.5, 3, 5 or 8 μg/(cell*day). Further, the cell line should show a homogenous cell population with respect to expression when assessed by an intra-cellular staining method. If desired a more homogeneous cell population for each individual cell line can be obtained by cloning e.g. by the FACS sorting methods described below.

In further embodiments of the present invention, the individual cell lines are

FACS sorted to identify cells with a homogeneous expression level, after the transfection and selection procedures. The possibility of sorting for individual high-expressing clones or a sub-pool of cells with high expression levels by gating on a particular area of the population in connection with the FACS analysis is therefore an additional embodiment of the present invention. The generation of cloned cells by FACS analysis and selection is particularly useful when the individual cell lines are generated from a pool of clones.

Fluorescence labeled antibodies can be used to sort for cells expressing high levels of the desired protein e.g. antibody or TcR, thereby creating a homogeneous cell population with respect to productivity. This technique is based on the observation that secreted proteins can be detected on the surface of the cell secreting them, and the amount of surface protein apparently corresponds to the expression levels of the individual cell. The high producing cells can therefore be single cell sorted upon staining with a labeled antibody, followed by analysis by FACS. The technique has been described by Brezinsky (Brezinsky et al. J. 2003. Immunol Methods 277, 141-155).

An alternative sorting technique is based on the coupling of a ligand, with specificity to the protein expressed from the cells, to the surface of the cells. For example an anti-Fc antibody or an anti-idiotype antibody can be coupled to the surface of the protein secreting cell population via biotin. The antibodies secreted by an individual cell are then captured by the anti-Fc antibodies on the surface of that cell. Following this, the high producing cells can be sorted by FACS upon staining with a labeled antibody. This technique has been described in EP 667896.

To obtain cell lines with a homogeneous high expression levels, single cells having a high expression level are analyzed based on the FACS profile obtained by one of the described techniques. The individual cell clones are then expanded and potentially analyzed with respect to proliferation rates and productivity as described above. Alternatively, a sub-pool of cells having the highest expression level as identified by the FACS profile is collected by sorting. The sub-pool of cells from the individual cell line can likewise be analyzed with respect to proliferation rates and productivity if desired.

In an alternative embodiment of this invention, a robot such as the ClonePixFL robot (Genetix, UK) is used to select clones exhibiting high expression levels and/or similar growth properties. This is done as follows: The colonies obtained after transfection and selection are grown in a semi-solid medium which allows for detection of high-producing colonies by capturing the secreted protein product in the immediate proximity of the colony. The production level from each colony is determined by means of immunofluorescence labeling of the protein expressed by the cells followed by image software selection of the best clones based on predetermined selection criteria such as expression level and growth properties. Furthermore, the size (reflecting the cell proliferation rate) of each colony can be assessed by the robot using light detection imaging. Colonies with the desired production and/or growth properties are then isolated by the robot and transferred to 96-well plates for further propagation.

Preferably, individual cell lines with similar productivity are selected for the generation of the pWCB. In a preferred embodiment individual cell lines constituting the pWCB are generated from cloned cells, e.g. obtained by single cell sorting, limiting dilution or robot picking, with a high expression level or from a pool of cells with high expression level.

In the present invention, both individual cell lines obtained from a single colony of cells isolated after transfection and selection as well as individual cell lines obtained from a clone obtained e.g. by single cell FACS sorting, are termed cloned cell lines. In a preferred embodiment such cloned cell lines are used to generate the pWCB.

In further embodiments of the present invention, the individual cell lines are mixed at different ratios upon generation of a pWCB. The individual cell lines can be mixed according to predetermined criteria based on the properties of the individual cell lines and/or individual protein member expressed by said cell line, e.g. specific productivity or binding affinity. For example, individual cell lines expressing certain antibodies binding particularly critical antigens or epitopes can be supplied in excess of the remaining member cell lines of the pWCB, e.g. in 2-fold, 3-fold, 5-fold or 10-fold higher amounts. One member cell line may for example be added in a 2:1 ratio over all the other members, e.g. 4×10⁶ cells of member 1 and 2×10⁶ cells of each of the remaining member cell lines.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a pWCB for production of an Anti-RhD rpAb is generated. Even more preferred such a pWCB is generated such that cell lines which produce antibodies with reactivity against a RhD category VI antigen constitute at least 5%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, 20% or 25% of the total amount of cells included in the pWCB.

This approach of differentiated ratios of the individual cell lines in the pWCB may also be adopted to circumvent differences in proliferation rates and productivity among the individual cell lines, in particular if these have not been selected for similarity in these traits. Hence, if one or more of the individual cell lines have a slower proliferation rate, i.e. longer doubling times, compared to other members of the polyclonal working cell bank which are characterized by a faster proliferation rate, but this slower proliferation rate is not associated with a particular high productivity, this particular member(s) may be added to the pWCB in an increased amount to compensate for its slow growth. For example may a cell line with a proliferation rate of 50 hours be added in a 2:1 ration if the remaining cell lines constituting the pWCB have proliferation rates between 22 and 30 hours. Likewise, the ratio of cell lines with short doubling times may be reduced to ensure that these will not take over during manufacturing. Further, the ratios of the individual cell lines in a pWCB may be adjusted upon analysis of the polyclonal protein products produced from the polyclonal manufacturing cell lines generated from the pWCB. Such adjustments may for example be made based on IEX profiles or equivalent characterization tools. If such an analysis shows that one or more particular protein members are produced in an increased amount compared to the remaining members, a new pWCB may be generated, wherein the ratio of the cell lines producing these particular protein members are reduced. And visa versa, if a particular member is produced in a low amount, a pWCB with an increased ratio of the cell line producing this member may be generated.

Purification of an Anti-RhD rpAb from Culture Supernatant

Isolation of anti-RhD rpAb from culture supernatants is possible using various chromatographic techniques that utilize differences in the physico-chemical properties of proteins, e.g. differences in molecular weight, net charge, hydrophobicity, or affinity towards a specific ligand or protein. Proteins may thus be separated according to molecular weight using gel filtration chromatography or according to net charge using ion-exchange (cation/anion) chromatography or alternatively using chromatofocusing.

Affinity chromatography combined with subsequent purification steps such as ion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interactions and gel filtration has frequently been used for the purification of IgG (polyclonal as well as monoclonal) from different sources e.g., ascites fluid, cell culture supernatants and serum. Affinity purification, where the separation is based on a reversible interaction between the anti-RhD antibodies and a specific ligand coupled to a chromatographic matrix, is an easy and rapid method, which offers high selectivity, usually high capacity and concentration into a smaller volume. Specific ligands in the form of peptides capable of binding to anti-RhD antibodies may be obtained according to the method described in EP 1 106 625 using peptide phage display. Protein A and protein G, two bacterial cell surface proteins, have high affinity for the F_(c) region, and have, in an immobilized form, been used for many routine applications, including purification of polyclonal IgG and its subclasses from various species and absorption and purification of immune complexes.

Following affinity chromatography, downstream chromatography steps, e.g. ion-exchange and/or hydrophobic interaction chromatography, can be performed to remove host cell proteins, leaked Protein A, and DNA. With the protein A affinity and cation exchange chromatography it has been observed that pH-values above 5 may cause precipitation of the anti-RhD rpAb. Thus buffers should be adjusted carefully with appropriate buffering agents, e.g. Tris or acetate.

Gel filtration, as a final purification step, can be used to remove contaminant molecules such as dimers and other aggregates, and transfer the sample into storage buffer. Depending on the source and expression conditions it may be necessary to include an additional purification step to achieve the required level of antibody purity. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography or ion-exchange chromatography are thus frequently used, in combination with Protein A and gelfiltration chromatography, to purify antibodies for therapeutic use.

In order to purify other classes of antibodies, alternative affinity chromatography media have to be used since proteins A and G do not bind IgA and IgM. An immuno-affinity purification can be used (anti-IgA or anti-IgM monoclonal antibodies coupled to solid phase) or, alternatively, multistep purification strategies including ion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction can be employed.

Structural Characterization of Anti-RhD rpAb

Structural characterization of polyclonal antibodies requires high resolution due to the complexity of the mixture (clonal diversity, heterogeneity and glycosylation). Traditional approaches such as gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography or electrophoresis may not have sufficient resolution to differentiate among the individual antibodies in the anti-RhD rpAb. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) has been used for profiling of complex protein mixtures followed by mass spectrometry (MS) or liquid chromatography (LC)-MS (e.g., proteomics). 2D-PAGE, which combines separation on the basis of a protein's charge and mass, has proven useful for differentiating among polyclonal, oligoclonal and monoclonal immunoglobulin in serum samples. However, this method has some limitations. Chromatographic techniques, in particular capillary and LC coupled to electrospray ionization MS are increasingly being applied for the analysis of complex peptide mixtures. LC-MS has been used for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies and recently also for profiling of polyclonal antibody light chains. The analysis of very complex samples requires more resolving power of the chromatographic system, which can be obtained by separation in two dimensions (or more). Such an approach is based on ion-exchange in the first dimension and reversed-phase chromatography (or hydrophobic interaction) in the second dimension optionally coupled to MS.

Functional Characterization of Anti-RhD rpAb

An anti-RhD rpAb antibody can for example be characterized functionally through comparability studies with anti-D immunoglobulin products or anti-RhD mAbs. Such studies can be performed in vitro as well as in vivo.

in vitro functional characterization methods of anti-RhD rpAb could for example be phagocytosis assays (⁵¹Cr-based or FACS based), antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and rosetting assay. Briefly described the assays are performed as follows:

ADCC Assay (⁵¹Cr Based):

Human PBMC are used as effector cells and RhD negative and positive RBC (0 in the AB0 system) are used as targets. First, the RBC (RhD(+) and RhD(−)) are ⁵¹Cr labelled, washed and then sensitized with anti-RhD antibodies (e.g. anti-RhD rpAb, anti D or anti-RhD mAb) in various dilutions. The effector cells (PMBC) are added to the sensitized RBC (ratio of 20:1) and incubation is performed overnight. Cells are spun down and the supernatants from the wells are transferred to a Lumaplate (PerkinElmer). Controls for spontaneous release are included (RBC with ⁵¹Cr only) and for total release (addition of Triton-X-100 to ⁵¹Cr-labeled RBC). The Lumaplate is dried and counted in a Topcounter (PerkinElmer).

Phagocytosis Assay (⁵¹Cr Based):

Phagocytosis can be measured in combination with the ADCC assay. After harvesting the supernatant in the ADCC assay, the remaining supernatant is removed and the red blood cells are lysed by addition of a hypotonic buffer. The cells are washed and the supernatant is removed. PBS+1% Triton-X-100 is added to all wells and fixed amounts are transferred to a Lumaplate, dried and counted as before.

Phagocytosis Assay (FACS Based):

This assay is based on adherence of the phagocytic cells. The human leukemic monoblast cell line U937 can be used for this assay. U937 cells are differentiated using 10 nM PMA. Two days later 60% of the medium is removed and replaced by medium without PMA. The cell membrane of red blood cells (RhD(+) and RhD(−)) are stained with PKH26 (PE) according to the manufactures protocol (Sigma). The RBC's are sensitized with anti-RhD antibodies in various dilutions and excess antibodies are removed by washing. On day three, the non-adherent cells U937 cell are removed by washing and sensitized RBC (RhD(+) and RhD(−)) are added to the wells. The plates are incubated overnight in the incubator. Non-phagocytozed RBC are washed away by several steps. Attached but not phagocytozed RBC are lysed by addition of hypotonic buffer followed by additional washing. The U937 cells detached from the wells by incubation with trypsin. Cells are analyzed on the FACS.

Rosetting Assay

A rosetting assay is merely an Fc receptor binding assay. Sensitized red blood cells are incubated with differentiated U937 cells prepared as described above. RBC (RhD (−) and RhD(+)) are sensitized with anti-RhD antibodies in various dilutions and excess antibodies are removed by washing before they are mixed with U937 cells. Incubation is performed for one hour and non-bound RBC are washed away. The percentage of cells with two or more RBC attached to the surface is counted.

An in vivo functional characterization of anti-RhD antibodies is described by Miescher (Miescher, S., et al. 2004, Blood 103, 4028-4035), an involves injection of RhD(+) cells into RhD(−) individuals followed by administration of anti-RhD antibody. RBC clearance and anti-RhD antibody sensation of the donors was analyzed.

Therapeutic Compositions

In an embodiment of the invention, a pharmaceutical composition comprising anti-RhD rpAb or anti-RhD recombinant polyclonal Fab or another anti-RhD recombinant polyclonal fragment as active ingredient is intended for the prophylaxis of hemolytic disease of the newborn, treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or prevention of sensitization to the Rhesus D antigen after mistransfusions of RhD(+) blood to RhD(−) individuals.

The pharmaceutical composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Anti-RhD rpAb or polyclonal fragments thereof may be administered within a pharmaceutically-acceptable diluent, carrier, or excipient, in unit dosage form. Conventional pharmaceutical practice may be employed to provide suitable formulations or compositions to administer to female mothers or patients. In a preferred embodiment the administration is prophylactic. Any appropriate route of administration may be employed, for example, administration may be parenteral, intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, aerosol, suppository, or oral administration. For example, therapeutic formulations may be in the form of, liquid solutions or suspensions; for oral administration, formulations may be in the form of tablets or capsules chewing gum or pasta, and for intranasal formulations, in the form of powders, nasal drops, or aerosols.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are prepared in a manner known per se, for example, by means of conventional dissolving, lyophilizing, mixing, granulating or confectioning processes. The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated according to conventional pharmaceutical practice (see for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (20th ed.), ed. A. R. Gennaro, 2000, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa. and Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, eds. J. Swarbrick and J. C. Boylan, 1988-1999, Marcel Dekker, New York, N.Y.).

Solutions of the active ingredient, and also suspensions, and especially isotonic aqueous solutions or suspensions, are preferably used, it being possible, for example in the case of lyophilized compositions that comprise the active ingredient alone or together with a carrier, for example mannitol, for such solutions or suspensions to be produced prior to use. The pharmaceutical compositions may be sterilized and/or may comprise excipients, for example preservatives, stabilizers, wetting and/or emulsifying agents, solubilizers, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and/or buffers, and are prepared in a manner known per se, for example by means of conventional dissolving or lyophilizing processes. The said solutions or suspensions may comprise viscosity-increasing substances, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, polyvinylpyrrolidone or gelatin.

The injection compositions are prepared in customary manner under sterile conditions; the same applies also to introducing the compositions into ampoules or vials and sealing the containers.

Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration can be obtained by combining the active ingredient with solid carriers, if desired granulating a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture, if desired or necessary, after the addition of appropriate excipients, into tablets, pills, or capsules, which may be coated with shellac, sugar or both. It is also possible for them to be incorporated into plastics carriers that allow the active ingredients to diffuse or be released in measured amounts.

The pharmaceutical compositions comprise from approximately 1% to approximately 95%, preferably from approximately 20% to approximately 90%, active ingredient. Pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be, for example, in unit dose form, such as in the form of ampoules, vials, suppositories, tablets, pills, or capsules The formulations can be administered to human individuals in therapeutically or prophylactic effective amounts (e.g., amounts which prevent, eliminate, or reduce a pathological condition) to provide therapy for a disease or condition. The preferred dosage of therapeutic agent to be administered is likely to depend on such variables as the type and extent of the disorder, the overall health status of the particular patient, the formulation of the compound excipients, and its route of administration.

Therapeutic Uses of the Compositions According to the Invention

The pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention may be used for the treatment, amelioration or prophylaxis of a disease in a mammal. Conditions that can be treated or prevented with the present pharmaceutical compositions include prevention of hemolytic disease of the newborn, treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or prevention of sensitization to the Rhesus D antigen after mistransfusions of RhD(+) blood to RhD(−) individuals.

One aspect of the present invention is a method for disease treatment, amelioration or prophylaxis in an animal, wherein an effective amount of anti-RhD rpAb or fragment is administered.

A further embodiment of the present invention is the use of an anti-RhD recombinant polyclonal antibody or polyclonal antibody fragment for the preparation of a composition for the prophylaxis of hemolytic disease of the newborn or treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP).

Diagnostic Use and Environmental Detection Use

Another embodiment of the invention is directed to diagnostic kits. Kits according to the present invention comprise an anti-RhD rpAb prepared according to the invention which protein may be labeled with a detectable label or non-labeled for non-label detection. The kit may be used to identify RhD(+) individuals, or individuals with a particular Rhesus D category. Identification of the later can be achieved by having a anti-RhD rpAb composition which only react with that particular Rhesus D category.

EXAMPLES

The following examples describe how anti-RhD rpAb is expressed and produced in a high-producer cell line, where V_(H) and V_(L) comprising nucleic acid segments or vector(s) have been inserted by site-specific integration into a pre-characterized chromosomal “hot-spot” site.

In the examples, CHO cells were utilized as host cell. The advantages thereof include the availability of suitable growth medium, their ability to grow efficiently to a high density in culture, and their ability to express mammalian proteins such as antibodies in a biologically active form.

In general, transformation of E. coli and transfection of mammalian cells according to the subject invention will be performed according to conventional methods.

The following examples illustrate the invention, but should not be viewed as limiting the scope of the invention.

Example 1 Production of an Anti-Rhesus D Recombinant Polyclonal Antibody Donors

Donors were enrolled at Aalborg Sygehus Nord. A total of eight RhD(−) women were immunized with RhD(+) erythrocytes derived from RhD(+) individuals. The donors had a varying history of the immunizations with respect to the number of boosts and the origin of RhD(+) erythrocytes for the immunization. The immunization history of the different donors is given in the table 1.

TABLE 1 Donor # # of boost # of boosts from different origin 1 3 2 2 6 2 3 2 1 4 4 4 5 2 2 6 3 2 7 2 2 8 2 2

Mononuclear cells were harvested by leukopheresis 5-7 days after the last boost. The cells were pelleted and immediately transferred to the cell lysis solution from a commercially available RNA preparation kit (NucleoSpin RNA L, Machery-Nagel, cat. no. 740 962.20). After lysis of the cells, the suspension was frozen before further processing.

Generation of Anti-Rhesus D Fab Display Library

The material obtained from each donor was kept separate throughout the procedure of library generation and panning. The cell lysates were thawed and RNA was prepared according to kit instructions (NucleoSpin RNA L). The integrity of the RNA was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis, thus verifying that the 18S/28S ribosomal RNAs were not degraded.

RNA was subjected to cDNA synthesis in an oligo(dT) primed reaction using approximately 10 μg total RNA in a reaction using ThermoScript (Invitrogen), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The cDNA was used as template in PCR reactions using the following primers:

V_(H) Forward Primers (XhoI Site in Bold):

J SEQ region ID  Primer sequence JH1/ 2 2 GGAGGCGCTC GAGACGGTGA CCAGGGTGCC JH3 3 GGAGGCGCTC GAGACGGTGA CCATTGTCCC JH4/5 4 GGAGGCGCTC GAGACGGTGA GCAGGGTTCC JH6 5 GGAGGCGCTC GAGACGGTGA CCGTGGTCCC

V_(H) Reverse Primers (AscI Site in Bold):

V gene family SEQ ID Primer sequence 1B/7A  6 CCAGCCGGGG CGCGCCCAGR TGCAGCTGGT GCARTCTGG 1C  7 CCAGCCGGGG CGCGCCSAGG TCCAGCTGGT RCAGTCTGG 2B  8 CCAGCCGGGG CGCGCCCAGR TCACCTTGAA GGAGTCTGG 3B  9 CCAGCCGGGG CGCGCCSAGG TGCAGCTGGT GGAGTCTGG 3C 10 CCAGCCGGGG CGCGCCGAGG TGCAGCTGGT GGAGWCYGG 4B 11 CCAGCCGGGG CGCGCCCAGG TGCAGCTACA GCAGTGGGG 4C 12 CCAGCCGGGG CGCGCCCAGS TGCAGCTGCA GGAGTCSGG 5B 13 CCAGCCGGGG CGCGCCGARG TGCAGCTGGT GCAGTCTGG 6A 14 CCAGCCGGGG CGCGCCCAGG TACAGCTGCA GCAGTCAGG

C_(κ) Forward Primer (NotI Site in Bold):

SEQ ID Primer sequence 15 ACCGCCTCCA CCGGCGGCCG CTTATTAACA CTCTCCCCTG TTGAAGCTCT T

V_(κ) Reverse Primers (NheI Site in Bold):

V gene family SEQ ID Prime sequence 1B 16 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCGACAT CCAGWTGACC CAGTCTCC 2 17 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCGATGT TGTGATGACT CAGTCTCC 3B 18 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCGAAAT TGTGWTGACR CAGTCTCC 4B 19 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCGATAT TGTGATGACC CACACTCC 5 20 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCGAAAC GACACTCACG CAGTCTCC 6 21 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCGAAAT TGTGCTGACT CAGTCTCC

C_(λ) Forward Primer (NotI Site in Bold):

λ SEQ family ID Primer sequence 2 22 ACCGCCTCCACCGGCGGCCGCTTATTATGAACATTCTGTAGGGCCACTG 7 23 ACCGCCTCCACCGGCGGCCGCTTATTAAGAGCATTCTGCAGGGGCCACTG

V_(λ) Reverse Primers (NheI in Bold):

V gene SEQ family ID Primer sequence 1A 24 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCCAGTC TGTGCTGACT CAGCCACC 1B 25 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCCAGTC TGTGYTGACG CAGCCGCC 1C 26 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCCAGTC TGTCGTGACG CAGCCGCC 2 27 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCCARTC TGCCCTGACT CAGCCT 3A 28 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCCTTTC CTATGWGCTG ACTCAGCCACC 3B 29 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCCTTTC TTCTGAGCTG ACTCAGGACCC 4 30 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCCACGT TATACTGACT CAACCGCC 5 31 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCCAGGC TGTGCTGACT CAGCCGTC 6 32 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCCTTAA TTTTATGCTG ACTCAGCCCCA 7/8 33 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCCAGRC TGTGGTGACY CAGGAGCC 9 34 CAACCAGCGC TAGCCCWGCC TGTGCTGACT CAGCCMCC

PCR was performed with individual primer pairs amounting to 36 V_(H) reactions, 6 Kappa reactions and 22 Lambda reactions. All V_(H), Kappa, and Lambda PCR products were pooled separately and following purification using NucleoSpin columns (Machery-Nagel, cat. no. 740 590.250), the products were digested prior to cloning (V_(H): AscI/XhoI, Kappa and Lambda: NheI/NotI) followed by a gel purification step of the bands of interest (PerfectPrep Gel Cleanup kit, Eppendorf, cat. no. 0032 007.759). The light chains (Kappa and Lambda separately) were inserted into a NheI/NotI treated Em351 phage display vector (FIG. 2), by ligation and amplified in E. coli XL1 Blue (Stratagene). Plasmid DNA constituting the light chain library was isolated from the E. coli cells selected over night on Carbenicillin agar plates (two libraries for each donor, Kappa and Lambda, respectively). This library DNA was subjected to digest with AscI/XhoI, and after gel purification, the V_(H) PCR products (subjected to digest with the same enzymes and gel purified) were ligated into the two light chain libraries from each donor and amplified in E. coli TG1 cells (Stratagene) using Carbenicillin selection on agar plates. After overnight growth, bacteria were scraped off the plates, and glycerol stocks were prepared for proper library storage. A plasmid DNA preparation containing the combinatorial variable heavy chain-light chain (V_(H):LC) library was also performed to secure the library for the future. The combinatorial libraries contained in the TG1 cells (two from each donor) were now ready for phage display and panning. The sizes of the combinatorial libraries (16 in total) were 10⁶ or larger.

Enrichment for Phages Displaying Rhesus D Antigen Binding Fab Fragments

Phages displaying Fabs on their surface were generated as follows: 50 mL 2×YT/1% glucose/100 μg/mL Carbenicillin was inoculated with TG1 cells containing the combinatorial V_(H):V_(L) library to obtain an OD₆₀₀ of approximately 0.08. The culture was shaking for 1½ h, and helper phage was added (VSCM13). The culture was incubated at 37° C. for ½ h without shaking and for ½ h with shaking. The bacteria were pelleted (3200×g, 10 minutes, 4° C.), and re-suspended in 50 mL 2×YT/100 μg/mL Carbenicillin/70 μg/mL Kanamycin, and the culture was shaken overnight at 30° C. The phages were precipitated from the culture supernatant by adding ⅕ volume of 20% PEG/1.5 M NaCl, incubating on ice for 30 minutes, and centrifugation at 8000×g for 30 minutes at 4° C. Precipitated phages were resuspended in PBS and used directly for panning.

Panning for Rhesus D antigen binding Fab fragments was performed in a two-step procedure. 10⁸ RhD(−) red blood cells (RBC) were washed three times in PBS (centrifugation at 2000×g, 45 sec), and re-suspended in 150 μl panning buffer (2% skim milk in 0.85×PBS). Fifty μl freshly prepared phages were added to the RhD(−) cells (re-suspended in panning buffer) in order to perform a negative selection step, and incubated for 1 h on an end-over-end rotator at 4° C. Following the one hour incubation, the cells were pelleted by centrifugation (2000×g, 45 sec), and the phage-containing supernatant was incubated with 2×10⁷RhD(+) RBC (washed three times in PBS). The phage:RhD(+) RBC mix was incubated for one hour on an end-over-end rotator at 4° C. Unbound phages were removed by washing five times with 1 mL panning buffer, and five times with PBS. Bound phages were eluted by addition of 200 μl H₂O (which lyses the cells). One hundred μl of the eluate was added to exponentially growing TG1 cells, the remainder was stored at −80° C. TG1 cells infected with eluated phages were plated on Carb/glu agar dishes and incubated overnight at 37° C. The following day, the colonies were scraped off the plates, and 10 mL culture medium was inoculated for preparation of phages for the second round of panning. The second round of panning was performed as described for the first round.

Enrichment for Phages Displaying Rhesus D Category VI Antigen Binding Fab Fragments

In a separate set of pannings, selections were performed in order to retrieve clones with reactivity towards the RhD category VI antigen. The negative selection was performed on RhD(−) blood as described, and the positive selection was performed on RhD^(VI) positive erythrocytes. The procedure was otherwise as described above.

Screening for Anti-RhD Binding Fabs

After each round of panning single colonies were picked for analysis of their binding properties to red blood cells in agglutination assays. Briefly, single colonies were inoculated into 2×YT/100 μg/mL carbenicillin/1% glucose and shaken overnight at 37° C. The next day, DeepWell plates were inoculated using 900 μl 2×YT/100 μg/mL carbenicillin/0.1% glucose and 10 μl overnight culture. The plates were shaken for two hours at 37° C., before Fab induction was performed with addition of 300 μl 2×YT/100 μg/mL carbenicillin/0.25 mM IPTG per well. The plate was shaken overnight at 30° C.

The following day, the bacteria were pelleted by centrifugation (3200×g, 4° C., 10 minutes), and re-suspended in 100 μl of 0.8 M NaCl, 0.2×PBS, 8 mM EDTA, and incubated for 15 minutes on ice in order to perform a periplasmic extraction of the Fab fragments. The plate was transferred to −20° C. and finally the suspension was thawed and centrifugation was performed for 10 minutes at 4° C. and 3200×g. The periplasmic extract was used in ELISA assays for analysis of Fab content and in agglutination assays to evaluate the binding potential of the individual Fab fragments.

The agglutination assay was performed as follows: RhD(−) and RhD(+) RBC were mixed in a 1:1 ratio, and washed 3 times in PBS. After the final wash, the cell mix was re-suspended in 1% BSA in PBS at a density of 1% cells, 50 μl was added to each well of a 96-plate. Periplasmic extracts were added to the wells. As a positive control Rhesogamma P immunoglobulin (Aventis) was used according to the manufacturer's instructions. The plates were incubated for one hour at room temperature with gentle shaking. The cells were washed three times with PBS, before the secondary antibody was added (goat anti-human Fab/FITC conjugate, Sigma F5512) in a 1:100 dilution. The plates were left for agglutination for one hour at room temperature without shaking. Fab fragments positive in the agglutination assay was determined by visual inspection, and recorded by taking a picture. Quantization of the binding activity of the Fab fragments was performed by FACS analysis of the agglutination samples.

When performing screening for clones with reactivity towards RhD^(VI)+ erythrocytes, such cells were used in conjunction with RhD(−) cells in a procedure otherwise identical to that described above.

Selection of Diverse Anti-RhD Fab-Encoding Sequences.

A total of 1700 RhD antigen binding clones were identified. All the positive clones were submitted for DNA sequencing. From these 56 clones were selected based on their unique set of heavy chain CDR sequences. For multiple clones which used the same heavy chain with different light chains, the clone which showed the highest binding activity in the FACS assay was selected. Thereby a sub-library comprised of pairs of variable heavy chain (V_(H)) and light chain (LC)-encoding sequences, representing a broad diversity with high RhD antigen specificity, was selected from all the positive clones.

The binding activity of these 56 clones was re-confirmed in agglutination assays, to ensure no false positive clones were selected.

The selected clones were further analyzed with respect to mutations due to for instance inter-family cross-priming, since such mutations may lead to overall structural changes of the expressed antibody possibly creating new epitopes and thereby result in an increased immunogenicity of the final product. Clones with such mutations were repaired as described in the following section relating to V_(H):LC transfer from the phagemid vector to the mammalian expression vector.

Alignments of the corrected nucleic acid sequences for the V_(H) and light chains (LC) are shown in FIGS. 3 to 6, respectively. Further alignments of the V_(H) and V_(L) polypeptide chains are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, respectively. The polypeptide alignments were performed and numbered according to structural criteria defined by Chothia (Chothia et al. 1992 J. Mol. Biol. 227, 776-798; Tomlinson et al. 1995 EMBO J. 14, 4628-4638 and Williams et al. 1996 J. Mol. Biol., 264, 220-232). The figures further indicate the position of the three CDR regions within the variable regions. The CDR region positions within the amino acid sequences are summarized in table 2. The numbering of the CDR3 regions in the polypeptide alignments (FIGS. 5 and 6) does not follow Chothia (transition marked with an asterisk in the figures). In order to enable identification of the CDR3 region with respect to amino acid position, a continued numbering has been assigned after the asterisk. The CDR3 region sequence for each individual clone can be derived from the figures based on this numbering.

TABLE 2 V_(L) Kappa V_(L) Lambda V_(H) a.a. position a.a. position a.a. position FIG. 5 6A 6B CDR1 31-35 24-34 25-35 CDR2 50-65 50-56 53-57 CDR3  95-125  89-110  90-113

The pairs of variable heavy chain and complete light chain which have been screened as Fabs and selected for their ability to bind RhD antigen can be identified by their identical clone numbers. All the 56 V_(H):LC pairs are listed by clone number, the nucleic acid (nuc.) SEQ IDs and the amino acid (a.a.) SEQ IDs in table 3.

TABLE 3 V_(H) nuc. LC nuc. V_(H) a.a. LC a.a Clone Name SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID SEQ ID RhD157.119D11 35 91 147 203 RhD158.119B06 36 92 148 204 RhD159.119B09 37 93 149 205 RhD160.119C07 38 94 150 206 RhD161.119E09 39 95 151 207 RhD162.119G12 40 96 152 208 RhD163.119A02 41 97 153 209 RhD189.181E07 42 98 154 210 RhD190.119F05 43 99 155 211 RhD191.119E08 44 100 156 212 RhD192.119G06 45 101 157 213 RhD193.126G05 46 102 158 214 RhD194.126G10 47 103 159 215 RhD195.127A07 48 104 160 216 RhD196.126H11 49 105 161 217 RhD197.127A08 50 106 162 218 RhD198.127F10 51 107 163 219 RhD199.164E03 52 108 164 220 RhD200.164G10 53 109 165 221 RhD201.164H12 54 110 166 222 RhD202.158E07 55 111 167 223 RhD203.179F07 56 112 168 224 RhD204.128A03 57 113 169 225 RhD205.160B12 58 114 170 226 RhD206.160C06 59 115 171 227 RhD207.127A11 60 116 172 228 RhD208.179B11 61 117 173 229 RhD239.126F09 62 118 174 230 RhD240.125A09 63 119 175 231 RhD241.119B05 64 120 176 232 RhD242.181A03 65 121 177 233 RhD243.109A05 66 122 178 234 RhD244.158B10 67 123 179 235 RhD245.164E06 68 124 180 236 RhD246.179B10 69 125 181 237 RhD292.109A02 70 126 182 238 RhD293.109A09 71 127 183 239 RhD294.119E10 72 128 184 240 RhD295.119B11 73 129 185 241 RhD296.126A03 74 130 186 242 RhD297.126E06 75 131 187 243 RhD298.126E10 76 132 188 244 RhD299.127A12 77 133 189 245 RhD300.134H09 78 134 190 246 RhD301.160A04 79 135 191 247 RhD302.160B10 80 136 192 248 RhD303.160B11 81 137 193 249 RhD304.164B06 82 138 194 250 RhD305.181E06 83 139 195 251 RhD306.223E11 84 140 196 252 RhD307.230E11 85 141 197 253 RhD317.144A02 86 142 198 254 RhD319.187A11 87 143 199 255 RhD321.187G08 88 144 200 256 RhD323.229B07 89 145 201 257 RhD324.231F07 90 146 202 258

Transfer of the Selected V_(H) and Light Chain-Encoding Sequences to a Mammalian Expression Vector.

Due to the mutations resulting from, for instance, inter-family cross-priming it was necessary to repair of a large number of the selected sequences. This was done in connection with exchange of expression system from phage display to mammalian expression. For this reason the transfer was performed separately for each individual clone.

The transfer and repair was performed as follows: First the V_(H)-encoding sequence situated in the Em351 vector was re-amplified by PCR using the high fidelity polymerase, Phusion (Finnzymes) and a proper set of correcting primers. The V_(H) PCR fragment was digested with AscI and XhoI and subjected to gel purification. The Neo exp. vector (FIG. 7) was digested with the corresponding enzymes and gel purified thereby removing the nucleic acid sequence situated between the leader sequence and the heavy chain constant regions. The corrected V fragment and the Neo exp. vector were ligated and amplified in E. coli Top10 cells. Plasmid DNA of the V_(H) containing Neo exp. vector was isolated from the E. coli cells selected over night on Carbenicillin.

Following transfer of the V_(H)-encoding sequence the corresponding LC sequence was re-amplified by PCR using the high fidelity polymerase. Phusion (Finnzymes) and a proper set of correcting primers. The LC PCR fragment was digested with NheI and NotI and subjected to gel purification. The V_(H) containing Neo exp. vector was digested with the corresponding enzymes and gel purified thereby removing the nucleic acid sequence situated between the kappa leader sequence and the BGHpolyA signal sequence. The corrected LC fragment and the V_(H) containing Neo exp. vector were ligated and amplified in E. coli Top10 cells. Glycerol stocks were prepared for each individual clone, and a high quality plasmid preparation suitable for transfection of mammalian cells was prepared from the bacterial cultures as well.

By performing the transfer separately for each clone the V_(H):LC pairs originally selected by phage display were regenerated in the mammalian expression vector. In the instances where repair was not necessary the nucleic acid segment was transferred without performing PCR prior to the digestion with the appropriate restriction enzymes.

The mammalian expression vectors generated by the transfer described are suitable for expressing a full-length anti-RhD recombinant polyclonal antibody. Although the vectors are kept separate at this point it is still considered as a library of anti-RhD antibody expression vectors.

Transfection and Selection of Mammalian Cell Lines

The Flp-In CHO cell line (Invitrogen) was used as starting cell line for establishment of a recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line. However, to obtain a more homogenous cell line the parental Flp-In CHO cell line was sub-cloned. Briefly, the parental cell line was sub-cloned by limited dilution and several clones were selected and expanded. Based on growth behavior one clone, CHO-Flp-In (019), was selected as production cell line.

All the 56 plasmid preparations were transfected individually into the CHO-Flp-In (019) cell line as follows: the CHO-Flp-In (019) cells were cultured as adherent cells in F12-HAM with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). 2.5×10⁶ cells were transfected with plasmid representing one clone using Fugene6 (Roche). Cells were trypsinated 24 hours after transfection and transferred to 3×T175 flasks. Selection pressure, in this case 450 μg/ml Neomycin, was added 48 hours after transfection. Approximately two weeks later clones appeared. Clones were counted and cells were trypsinated and hereafter cultured as pools of clones expressing one of the 56 specific anti-Rhesus-D antibodies.

Adaptation to Serum Free Suspension Culture

The individual adherent anti-Rhesus-D antibody CHO-Flp-In (019) cell cultures were trypsinated, centrifuged and transferred to separate shaker flasks with 8×10⁵ cells/ml in appropriate serum free medium (Excell302, JRH Biosciences).

Growth and cell morphology were followed over several weeks. When cells showed good and stable growth behavior and had doubling time below 32 hours 50 aliquots of each culture with 10×10⁶ cells/tube were frozen down (56×50 aliquots).

Characterization of Cell Lines

All the individual cell lines were characterized with respect to antibody production and proliferation. This was performed with the following assays:

Production:

The production of recombinant antibodies in the individual cultures were followed over time by Kappa or Lambda specific ELISA. ELISA plates were coated overnight with goat-anti-human Kappa (Caltag) or goat-anti-human Lambda (Caltag) antibodies in carbonate buffer, pH 9.6. Plates were washed 6 times with washing buffer (1×PBS and 0.05% Tween 20) and blocked for 1 hour with washing buffer with 2% milk. Samples were added to wells and plates were incubated for 1 hour. Plates were washed 6× and secondary antibodies (goat-anti-human IgG (H+L) HRPO, Caltag) were added for 1 hour followed by 6× wash. ELISA was developed with TMB substrate and reaction stopped by addition of H₂SO₄. Plates were read at 450 nm.

Further, intracellular FACS staining, using fluorescently tagged antibodies was used to measure the production of recombinant antibodies in the cell culture system. 5×10⁵ cells were washed in cold FACS PBS (1×PBS ad 2% FCS) and centrifuged. Cells were fixed in Cell:Fix (BD-Biosciences) for 20 min and hereafter washed in saponin buffer (1×PBS and 0.2% Saponin). The suspension was centrifuged and fluorescently tagged antibody (Goat F(ab)₂ Fragment, Anti-human IgG(H+L)-PE, Beckman Coulter) was added for 20 min on ice. Cells were washed twice in saponin buffer and resuspended in FACS buffer and analyzed by FACS. This intracellular staining was used to determine the general expression level as well as to determine the homogeneity of the cell population in relation to expression of recombinant antibodies.

Proliferation:

Aliquots of cell suspension were taken three times a week and cell number, cell size, degree of clumping and percentage of dead cells were determined by CASY® (Cell Counter+Analyzer System from Schärfe System GmbH) analysis. The doubling time for the cell cultures was calculated by cell number derived form CASY® measurements.

Establishment of a Manufacturing Cell Line for Anti-Rhesus D Recombinant Polyclonal Antibody Production

Ten cell lines each expressing. a distinct recombinant anti-Rhesus-D antibody (RhD157.119D11, RhD158.119B06, RhD159.119B09, RhD161.119E09, RhD163.119A02, RhD190.119F05, RhD191.119E08, RhD192.119G06, RhD197.127A08 and RhD204.12.8A03) were selected to constitute the recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line. The Rhd197 and RhD204 were lambda clones whereas all the others were kappa clones.

After the cell cultures expressing the individual anti-Rhesus antibodies were fully adapted to serum free suspension culture in shaker flasks they were mixed in equal cell number, thereby generating a polyclonal CHO-Flp-In (019) cell line. The mixed cell culture was centrifuged and frozen down in aliquots of 10×10⁶ cells/tube.

Two tubes (3948 FCW065 and 3949 FCW065) were thawed and cultured individually for 11 weeks in 1000 ml shaker flasks containing 100 ml Excell302 medium with neomycin.

The supernatant was harvested and filtered prior to purification of the anti-RhD rpAb.

Clonal Diversity

The clonal diversity was assayed both on the protein level as well as on the mRNA level. The supernatant sample used to analyze the antibody composition was taken after 9 weeks of cultivation, whereas the cell sample used to analyze the mRNA composition was taken at the harvest after 11 weeks of cultivation.

Antibody Composition:

The anti-RED rpAb expressed from the polyclonal CHO-Flp-In (019) cell line is an IgG1 isotype antibody. Anti-RhD rpAb was purified from both aliquots (3948 and 3949) using a column with immobilized Protein A. The individual antibodies interacted with immobilized Protein A at pH 7.4, whereas contaminating proteins were washed from the column. The bound antibodies were subsequently eluted from the column at low pH value (pH 2.7). The fractions containing antibodies, determined from absorbance measurements at 280 um, were pooled and dialyzed against 5 mM sodium acetate pH 5.

The anti-RhD rpAb compositions obtained from aliquot 3948 and 3949 (FCW065) after 9 weeks of cultivation were analyzed using cation exchange chromatography. The Protein A purified anti-RED rpAb was applied onto a PolyCatA column (4.6×100 mm) in 25 mM sodium acetate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.0 at a flow rate of 60 ml operated at room temperature. The antibody components were subsequently eluted using a linear gradient from 150-350 mM sodium chloride in 25 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0 at a flow rate of 60 ml h⁻¹. The antibody components were detected spectrophotometrically at 280 nm. The chromatogram (FIG. 8) was subsequently integrated and the area of the individual peaks A-J was subsequently used to quantitate antibody components (table 4). The total area of the peaks was set to 100%. The chromatograms from the two aliquots showed an identical peak distribution, as well as similar concentrations of the components in each peak. From these results it can be concluded that aliquots of the same polyclonal cell line grown under identical conditions will produce anti-RhD rpAb with a similar clonal diversity.

The individual members of the anti-RhD rpAb were allocated to one or more particular peaks (summarized in table 4). The allocation is based on chromatograms obtained for antibody products from each individual clone. No individual chromatogram was obtained for antibodies produced from RhD158.119B06, thus this clone was not assigned to any of the peaks. However it is considered likely that peak D constitute RhD158.119B06, the clone may also be represented in some of the other peaks due to heterogeneity. In particular the antibody product from clone RhD197.127A08 has a high degree of heterogeneity. Clone RhD190.119F05 should have been visible at 15.3 min. However, it was not detectable, indicating that this clone has been lost from the recombinant polyclonal manufacturing cell line. The loss of clone RhD190.119F05 corresponds to a 10% reduction of diversity which is considered acceptable with respect to diversity of the final anti-RhD rpAb composition.

TABLE 4 Quantity Quantity 3948 3949 Peak (% area) (% area) Clone name Comment A 5.1 5.1 RhD157.119D11 Clone is also present in peak B B 12.0 10.2 RhD157.119D11 This peak represent at least three RhD159.119B09 different clones RhD192.119G06 C 5.2 5.3 RhD191.119E08 D 1.2 0.8 (RhD158.119B06) Not actually allocated to this peak, but it is likely to be. May also be represented in other peaks. E 10.9 14.4 RhD204.128A03 F 24.3 23.0 RhD197.127A08 This clone split into several peaks, due G 13.6 12.5 RhD197.127A08 to heterogeneity. H 3.3 4.0 RhD197.127A08 I 14.0 13.7 RhD161.119E09 J 10.5 10.5 RhD163.119A02 RhD190.119F05 The clone has been lost mRNA Composition:

The clonal diversity within the polyclonal CHO-Flp-In (019) cell line after 11 weeks of cultivation was estimated by RT-PCR-RFLP analysis. Briefly, a cell suspension corresponding to 200 cells were subjected to a freeze-thaw procedure and these lysates were used as template in a RT-PCR using One-STEP RT-PCR kit (Qiagen) with primers amplifying the light chain. The primer sequences were:

(SEQ ID 259) forward primer 5′-CGTTCTTTTTCGCAACGGGTTTG (SEQ ID 260) reverse primer 5′-AAGACCGATGGGCCCTTGGTGGA

The RT-PCR products were digested with HinfI and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis, visualizing the restriction product with ethidium bromide staining (FIG. 9).

The expected size of the restriction fragments obtained by HinfI digestion of the RT-PCR amplified light chains are shown for each individual clone in table 5. Six unique fragment sizes on the gel, which could be assigned to specific Rhesus D antibody producing clones, are indicated in bold. Not all unique fragments could be identified on the gel, these are indicated in italic. This does, however not necessarily mean that these clones are not represented in the culture, the fragments may either not have been separated sufficiently from other fragments to be identifiable, or their concentration is to weak compared to the stronger bands. This may be more pronounced for shorter fragments, since they bind a smaller number of ethidium bromide molecules and therefore are less visible.

TABLE 5 RhD # 157 158 159 161 163 190 191 192 197 204 HinfI 825 671 505 696 505 502 475 671 743 521 fragment 138 138 320 138 166 191 268 149 138 167 size 76 126 138 126 154 138 138 138 85 138 76 77 76 138 126 85 76 76 88 22 76 76 76

The two aliquots (3948 and 3949) of the same polyclonal cell line, show a similar expression pattern in the gel, although the intensity of the bands are not completely identical, this also indicates that aliquots of the same polyclonal cell line grown under identical conditions will produce anti-RhD rpAb with a similar clonal diversity.

Summary

The present. experiment succeeded in generating a library of anti-Rhesus D antibody expression vectors comprising 56 variant anti-Rhesus D-encoding nucleic acid segments (Table 3).

Plasmids containing individual members of the library were used to transfect the CHO-Flp-In (019) cell line, generating 56 individual cell lines capable of expressing a specific anti-RhD antibody.

10 of these cell lines were mixed in order to generate a anti-RhD rpAb manufacturing cell line, which after 9 weeks cultivation still maintained 90% of the initial diversity. After 11 weeks of cultivation mRNA from six different clones could be unambiguously identified and several other clones are likely to be represented in the band an approximately 500 bp.

The fact that two aliquots of the polyclonal CHO-Flp-In (019) cell lines showed similar results with respect to clonal diversity, illustrated that reproducible results can be obtained.

Example 2 Generation of a Working Cell Bank for Larger Scale Production

Twenty seven cell cultures were selected to constitute the polyclonal cell line

(RhD157.119D11, RhD159.119B09, RhD160.119C07, RhD161.119E09, RhD162.119G12, RhD163.119A02, RhD189.181E07, RhD191.119E08, RhD192.119G06, RhD196.126H11, RhD197.127A08, RhD199.164E03, RhD201.164H12, RhD202.158E07, RhD203.179F07, RhD207.127A11, RhD240.125A09, RhD241.119B05, RhD244.158B10, RhD245.164E06, RhD293.109A09, RhD301.160A04, RhD305.181E06, RhD306.223E11, RhD307.230E11, RhD319.187A11 and RhD324.231F07).

In addition to the high degree of diversity among the individual clones, the clone selections were also based on growth and production characteristics of the individual cell cultures.

Included in the selection criteria at the cell culture level were:

I. Doubling time; had to be between 24 and 32 hours II: Intracellular staining; had to show a homogenous cell population III: Productivity; had to exceed 1.5 pg per cell per day

The 27 different cell cultures will be equally mixed in regard to cell number and this mix will constitute the working cell bank for a pilot plant production of anti-RhD rpAb.

Example 3

The present example illustrates the characterization of a polyclonal cell culture with eight members over time. The clonal diversity of the culture was assessed at the genetic level using RFLP analysis and at the protein level using a chromatographic technique in one dimension.

The polyclonal cell line of the present example was constituted of the following eight members: RhD191.119E08, RhD196.126H11, RhD201.164H12, RhD203.179F07, RhD244.158B10, RhD306.223E11, RhD319.187A11 and RhD324.231F07

In the example they will simply be written as follows RhD191, RhD201, RhD203, RhD244, RhD306, RhD319 and RhD324.

RFLP Analysis to Estimate Clone Diversity in Polyclonal Cell Cultures

The distribution of the individual clones in a polyclonal cell culture expressing eight different anti-Rhesus D antibodies was estimated by terminal RFLP (T-RFLP) analysis of RT-PCR products derived from the polyclonal cell line. In the T-RFLP procedure the forward and/or reverse primer(s) are fluorescently labeled and therefore a proportion of the restriction fragments generated from the amplicons will contain the label. The labeled fragments can subsequently be separated by capillary electrophoresis and detected by fluorescence. The analysis can be performed both on the light chain and the variable region of the heavy chain-encoding sequences, depending on the primers applied.

Briefly, a cell suspension corresponding to 200 cells was washed one time in PBS and subjected to a freeze-thaw procedure generating lysates used as template in a RT-PCR amplification using a One-Step RT-PCR kit (Qiagen) and suitable primers.

The RT-PCR was carried out on a standard thermal cycler with the following conditions:

Reverse transcription 55° C. for 30 min Denature 95° C. for 15 min Start cycle loop (35 cycles) Denature 95° C. for 30 sec Anneal 60° C. for 30 sec Elongate 72° C. for 5 min End cycle loop Elongate 72° C. for 15 min Finish  8° C. forever

For analysis of the light chain the following primers were used for the RT-PCR amplification. The reverse primer was 6-carboxyflorescein (FAM) labeled and the primer sequences were as follows:

VL Forward primer: 5′-TCTCTTCCGCATCGCTGTCT CL Reverse primer:  5′-FAM-AGGAAAGGACAGTGGGAGTGGCAC

Twenty μl of the RT-PCR product was digested with 1 U of NheI, 1 U of PstI and 1 U of HinfI (all from New England Biolabs) in NEB1 for 2 hours.

The labeled fragments were detected by fluorescence capillary electrophoresis on an ABI3700 (Applied Biosystems) at Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, DK.

The expected fragments for each of the anti-RhD antibody producing cell clones are shown in Table 6 and the FAM labeled fragments are indicated in bold.

TABLE 6 RhD # 191 196 201 203 244 306 319 324 NheI/PstI/HinfI 475 696 516 422 690 682 761 513 fragment size 210 138 166 318 138 138 138 166 138 76 138 138 76 76 76 138 76 67 76 76 67 67 67 76 67 59 76 67 41 59 76 58 67 18 18 17 67 18

The T-RFLP pattern is shown in FIG. 10 and all eight anti-Rhesus D antibody producing clones have been assigned to specific peaks. Under the assumption that there was no template/primer competition during the RT-PCR, the relative peak area will correspond to the relative amount of mRNA transcribed from each antibody light chain gene represented in the polyclonal cell line.

For analysis of the heavy chain variable region within the same polyclonal cell line the RT-PCR amplification was carried out with VH-specific primers. The primer sequences were as follows:

VH Forward primer: 5′-FAM CGTAGCTCTTTTAAGAGGTG VH Reverse primer: 5′-HEX-ACCGATGGGCCCTTGGTGGA

Twenty μl of the RT-PCR product was digested with 1 U of RsaI and 1 U of NdeI (all from New England Biolabs) in NEB2 for 2 hours.

The labeled fragments were detected by fluorescence capillary electrophoresis on an ABI3700. The analysis was performed by Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, DK.

The expected T-RFLP patterns are shown in Table 7, where the FAM labeled fragments are shown in bold and the HEX (6-Carboxy-2′,4,4′,5,7,7′-hexachlorofluorescein succinimidyl ester) labeled fragments are underscored.

TABLE 7 RhD # 191 196 201 203 244 306 319 324 RsaI/NdeI 203 429 186 350 435 328  232 266 Fragment 166 142  88 79 118 157 size  63  79 22  79  22  9  9  9

The polyclonal cell line was cultivated over 5 weeks and once a week samples were taken for T-RFLP analyses. The analysis was performed on the variable heavy chain, but could have been performed on the light chain as well if desired.

After capillary electrophoresis of the restriction fragments, the relative peak areas were integrated and used to estimate the clonal diversity of the polyclonal cell culture. The relative quantities over time are shown in FIG. 12.

Based on these results, it seems that RhD196 increase whereas RhD203 seems to decrease over time. The quantities of the other clones are quite stable during the cultivation period and all eight cDNA could be detected after five weeks of cultivation.

By performing T-RFLP on both light chain and heavy chain as well as on both mRNA and DNA it should be possible to obtain a precise fingerprint of the clonal diversity within the polyclonal cell culture, for example in cells at the limit of in vitro cell age or at any given time point during cultivation.

The technique can therefore be used to monitor the stability of the clonal diversity in a cell culture over time during antibody production. The technique can also be applied to monitor the batch-to-batch consistency for example of different ampoules frozen down from the same pWCB or in cells harvested after two or more manufacturing runs.

Cation-Exchange Chromatographic Analysis to Estimate Clonal Diversity in a Polyclonal Cell Culture

The polyclonal antibody produced from the same polyclonal cell culture as used in the T-RFLP analysis described above was analyzed using cation-exchange chromatography. The protein A purified recombinantly produced polyclonal antibody was applied onto a PolyCatA column (4.6×100 mm) in 25 mM sodium acetate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.0 at a flow rate of 60 ml h⁻¹ operated at room temperature. The antibody components were subsequently eluted using a linear gradient from 150-350 mM sodium chloride in 25 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0 at a flow rate of 60 ml h⁻¹. The antibody components were detected spectrophotometrically at 280 nm and the Chromatogram was subsequently integrated and the area of individual peaks was then used to quantitate antibody components. The relative quantities over time are shown in FIG. 13.

Summary

The results obtained at the genetic level by the RFLP analysis and at the protein level by cation-exchange chromatography are comparable. FIGS. 12 and 13 clearly illustrate that most of the individual clones in the polyclonal cell line as well as the individual antibodies of the polyclonal antibody expressed from the cell line follow the same trends during the S weeks of cultivation. Thus, analyses at the genetic as well as at protein level are good equivalents for assessing the compositional diversity of a cell line at the genetic level and of the recombinant polyclonal protein produced from the cell line.

Example 4

The present example illustrates the characterization of a polyclonal cell culture with twenty-five members over time. The clonal diversity of the culture was assessed at the genetic level using T-RFLP analysis and at the protein level using a chromatographic technique in one dimension.

The polyclonal cell line of the present example was constituted of the twenty five members indicated in Table 8. Further, the growth characteristics of the individual clones are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Doubling time Productivity Doubling Productivity Clone name (h) pg/(cell * day)^(a) Clone name time pg/(cell * day) RhD157.119D11 25.6 4 RhD207.127A11 34.4 3.8 RhD159.119B09 26.1 1.4 RhD240.125A09 29.6 3.6 RhD160.119C07 25.4 3.8 RhD241.119B05 32.8 4.1 RhD162.119G12 27.7 5.9 RhD245.164E06 28 1.5 RhD189.181E07 27.8 3.2 RhD293.109A09 30.7 7.1 RhD191.119E08 30.8 1.2 RhD301.160A04 29.7 5.1 RhD192.119G06 25.4 1.2 RhD305.181E06 31 6.7 RhD196.126H11 32 8.7 RhD306.223E11 30.9 1.7 RhD197.127A08 30.1 1.6 RhD317.144A02 27 10.4 RhD199.164E03 27.3 2.9 RhD319.187A11 28 5.6 RhD201.164H12 27.6 10.6 RhD321.187G08 31 2.7 RhD202.158E07 28.8 3.1 RhD324.231F07 31.2 6.4 RhD203.179F07 31.5 N.A^(c) ^(a)Data represent the average of two ELISA measurements ^(b)RhD^(VI) reactive ^(c)Data not available

In the following the clone names are generally only identified by their first three digits, e.g. RhD157.119D11 is written as RhD157.

T-RFLP Analysis of the Variable Part of the Heavy Chain Genes Derived from a Polyclonal Cell Culture Expressing Twenty-Five Different Anti-Rhesus D Antibodies Over a 5 Weeks Cultivation Period.

The polyclonal cell culture examined in the present example was composed of a mixture of cell cultures expressing twenty-five different anti-Rhesus D antibodies (generated as described in Example 1). The polyclonal cell culture was cultivated over 5 weeks and once a week samples were taken for T-RFLP analyses.

The RT-PCR was carried out with the VH-specific primers described in Example 3 and restriction fragmentation was carried out likewise.

T-RFLP of the twenty-five different anti-Rhesus D-encoding sequences will, if all genotypes are present, result in seventeen different FAM labeled fragments. Some fragments will represent up to three different genotypes whereas others will represent a single genotype. The expected sizes of FAM labeled fragments are shown in Table 9 together with the relative quantities of the different FAM labeled fragments over time. Further, one example of a T-RFLP profile is shown in FIG. 11.

TABLE 9 RsaI/NdeI FAM fragment Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 RhD # size (bp) Group Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Rhd157 63 1 9.5 5.0 5.3 4.8 4.6 Rhd159 63 1 Rhd191 63 1 Rhd319 118 2 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 Rhd201 186 3 1.5 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.7 Rhd192 187 3 Rhd199 203 4 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 Rhd162 260 5 7.4 3.6 1.7 1.0 0.0 Rhd324 266 6 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.0 Rhd306 328 7 10.3 8.0 7.2 7.9 7.8 Rhd203 350 8 6.0 3.4 3.8 5.9 8.9 Rhd305 350 8 Rhd197 356 9 5.1 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.3 Rhd202 359 10 3.8 4.3 5.6 5.2 3.7 Rhd240 369 11 3.3 1.8 1.3 0.8 0.0 Rhd207 414 12 11.7 10.5 10.1 9.9 11.1 Rhd160 426 13 11.3 17.1 17.5 18.1 17.2 Rhd293 426 13 Rhd196 426 13 Rhd245 429 14 6.5 7.1 8.3 11.0 16.8 Rhd321 432 15 6.8 9.4 8.3 7.5 4.9 Rhd241 435 16 4.8 13.7 12.5 7.2 4.0 Rhd189 438 17 9.4 12.3 14.8 16.8 18.7 Rhd301 438 17 Rhd317 438 17

It was possible to separate the restriction fragments to an extent that allowed information to be obtained for twelve individual clones of the twenty-five clones constituting the cell line. The remaining fractions could potentially be subjected to sequencing in order to obtain more information on the remaining clones.

Cation-Exchange Chromatographic Analysis to Estimate Clonal Diversity in a Polyclonal Cell Culture Expressing Twenty-Five Different Anti-Rhesus D Antibodies

The polyclonal antibody produced from the same polyclonal cell culture as used in the T-RFLP analysis described above, was analyzed using cation-exchange chromatography. The protein A purified recombinantly produced polyclonal antibody was applied onto a PolyCatA column (4.6×100 mm) in 25 mM sodium acetate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.0 at a flow rate of 60 ml h⁻¹ operated at room temperature. The antibody components were subsequently eluted using a linear gradient from 150-350 mM sodium chloride in 25 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0 at a flow rate of 60 ml h⁻¹. The antibody components were detected spectrophotometrically at 280 nm and the chromatogram was subsequently integrated and the area of individual peaks was used to quantitate the different antibody components. FIG. 14 shows the chromatogram produced from the sample obtained a week 4, the antibody containing peaks being numbered from 1 to 25. It is pure concurrence that the chromatogram contains an identical number of peaks as the number of individual antibodies in the polyclonal antibody analyzed. Table 10 show the relative content in percent of the total antibody components (AC1 to 25), as well as the representation of the individual antibodies in each antibody component (peak). The assignment of individual antibodies to the integrated chromatographic peaks was based on the retention times and peak patterns obtained from monoclonal antibodies analyzed using cation-exchange chromatography under identical conditions.

TABLE 10 RhD# Ab Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Peak represented Rel. Area % Rel. Area % Rel. Area % Rel. Area % Rel. Area % AC 1 293, 319 2.06 2.3 1.7 1.06 0.81 AC 2 157, 293 3.63 3.83 3.97 3.89 3.06 AC 3 157, 192 2.66 2.8 2.89 2.83 2.34 AC 4 159, 189, 6.11 5.52 5.1 4.1 2.99 199 AC 5 319 2.18 1.94 1.33 1.08 1.26 AC 6 241, 191 6.01 6.4 6.32 5.42 4.1 AC 7 189, 192, 3.89 4.21 3.38 2.95 2.63 199, 201 AC 8 160 12.1 15.77 18.71 17.59 15.56 AC 9 203, 191 2.65 3.89 3.69 3.99 4.14 AC 10 162, 202 6.78 10.22 13.52 12.29 9.75 AC 11 203, 306, 2.86 3.63 4.35 3.66 3.92 301 AC 12 245 1.43 1.63 1.5 2.27 2.02 AC 13 301, 321 2.5 3.35 3.92 4.16 3.64 AC 14 305 2.44 2.61 3.12 4.23 6.07 AC 15 196, 197, 8.33 7.22 7.36 8.49 4.01 240, 305, 321 AC 16 197 3.82 2.71 2.15 1.86 7.86 AC 17 196, 240, 7.57 5.12 4.86 6.89 7.79 324 AC 18 197, 321 2.27 1.44 1.51 1.39 2.83 AC 19 196, 240 3.8 2.63 2.87 3.98 6.35 AC 20 317 4.58 1.39 0.77 0.71 0.86 AC 21 317 2.86 0.59 0.36 0.83 0.42 AC 22 207 2.07 2.61 1.58 1.65 1.93 AC 23 207 3.33 3.87 2.56 2.41 2.87 AC 24 207 2.46 3.48 1.73 1.52 1.92 AC 25 Unknown 1.58 0.83 2 0.75 0.87

Cation-exchange chromatography separates individual antibody members from a polyclonal antibody used on differences in net charge between the individual members and in addition separates forms of individual antibodies that appear charge heterogeneous. Several antibodies were therefore represented in a single peak, e.g. AC 1 containing RhD293 and RhD319 (see Table 10) and some individual antibodies were further represented in several chromatographic peaks, e.g. RhD319 which is present both in AC1 and 5 (see Table 10).

Peaks which contain more than one individual antibody could be subjected to additional protein chemical characterization techniques, such as quantitative analysis with anti-idiotype peptides, proteolytic peptide mapping, N-terminal sequencing or a second dimension chromatography.

Summary

The present example illustrates the combined use of T-RFLP analyses and cation exchange chromatography for assessing the distribution of the primary transcripts and of antibody components, respectively, over a period of cultivation. The T-RFLP analysis allows for unique identification of 12 individual clones of the 25 clones expressed in the polyclonal cell line and in the present example it is illustrated that these 12 clones could be detected during 4 weeks cultivation with the T-RFLP analysis. Potentially, more clones could be identified by sequence analysis of fragments representing more than one clone. The distribution of antibody components was analyzed using cation-exchange chromatography and in the present example it is seen that the distribution of the 25 analyzed components is relatively stable during cultivation. Although unique identification of all individual antibodies is difficult due to the inherent charge heterogeneous nature of the expressed antibodies it was demonstrated in the present example that antibody component 8 representing the RhD160 antibody showed the highest antibody level during the cultivation period in accordance with the high T-RFLP values obtained for group 13 representing the RhD160, 293, and 196 clones. Furthermore, the RhD 207 component, which could be uniquely identified by T-RFLP as well as by cation-exchange chromatography, showed T-RFLP levels of 10-11% and slightly lower levels of 5.5-10% obtained at antibody level. Overall, the two techniques together demonstrate a relatively stable production at the mRNA and antibody level during cultivation; however, potential discrepancies between the two techniques could also be seen, illustrated by the apparent loss of transcription of some clones at weeks 5 of cultivation contrasting the results obtained at the antibody level. Thus, the present example justifies the complementary use of both techniques to define cultivation intervals within which stable production of complex polyclonal protein can be obtained.

Example 5

The present example demonstrates the generation of pWCB containing anti-RhD rpAb with 25 individual members and provides confirmation of a minimal batch-to-batch variation of rpAb products purified from different vials from the pWCB.

Generation of the pWCB

To generate a pWCB containing anti-RhD rpAb with 25 individual members, one vial of each of 25 banked monoclonal anti-RhD antibody production cell lines (RhD157, 159, 160, 162, 189, 191, 192, 196, 197, 199, 201, 202, 203, 207, 240, 241, 245, 293, 301, 305, 306, 317, 319, 321, 324) were thawed in ExCell 302 medium containing 4 mM glutamine and expanded for 3 weeks in the same medium supplemented with 500 μg/ml G418 and anti-clumping agent diluted 1:250. Equal numbers of cells (2×10⁶) from each culture were then carefully mixed together, and frozen in liquid nitrogen (5×10⁷ cells/vial) using standard freezing procedures.

Cultivation in Bioreactors

Vials from the pWCB were thawed in T75 flasks (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) and expanded in spinner flasks (Techne, Cambridge, UK). 5 L bioreactors (Applikon, Schiedam, Netherlands) were inoculated with 0.6×10⁶ cells/ml in 1.5 L. During the reactor runs, cells were fed on a daily basis with ExCell 302 medium supplemented with concentrated feed solution, glutamine and glucose to a final volume of 4.5 L. The bioreactor runs were terminated after 16-17 days. The three batches are termed Sym04:21, Sym04:23 and Sym04:24. The hatches were cultured at different points in time.

Analysis of Batch-to-Batch Variation

The recombinant polyclonal antibody samples were purified by affinity chromatography using HiTrap™ rProtein A columns (GE Healthcare, UK).

The purified recombinant polyclonal antibody samples were analyzed using cation-exchange chromatography employing a PolyCAT A column (4.6×100 mm, from PolyLC Inc., MA, US) in 25 mM sodium acetate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.0 at a flow rate of 60 ml/h (room temperature). The antibody peaks were subsequently eluted using a linear gradient from 150 mM to 350 or 500 mM NaCl in 25 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0 at a flow rate of 60 ml/h. The antibody peaks were detected spectrophotometrically at 280 nm. The chromatograms were integrated and the area of individual peaks used for quantification. As already mentioned some of the individual antibodies displayed charge heterogeneity and two antibodies may contribute to the same peak in the IEX chromatogram.

Table 11 show the relative content in percent of the total antibody components (AC). In the present example the relative area has been calculated for 35 AC, whereas Example 4 only calculated the relative area for 25 AC. This difference is strictly due to a different assignment of the peaks in the chromatogram and not to actual differences in the profile as such.

TABLE 11 Average Standard Peak Rel. Area % deviation AC 1 1.71 0.35 AC 2 2.36 0.13 AC 3 4.40 0.78 AC 4 3.58 0.78 AC 5 5.83 0.60 AC 6 2.11 0.25 AC 7 4.16 0.33 AC 8 4.21 0.59 AC 9 3.41 0.97 AC 10 14.22 2.91 AC 11 4.24 0.79 AC 12 2.98 0.47 AC 13 2.31 0.16 AC 14 2.44 0.26 AC 15 9.17 0.52 AC 16 5.08 0.43 AC 17 1.98 0.26 AC 18 3.04 0.26 AC 19 1.79 0.16 AC 20 1.39 0.07 AC 21 1.32 0.15 AC 22 2.60 0.23 AC 23 1.59 0.25 AC 24 0.62 0.12 AC 25 1.12 0.06 AC 26 1.31 0.04 AC 27 0.58 0.12 AC 28 1.30 0.25 AC 29 1.05 0.39 AC 30 0.66 0.24 AC 31 0.70 0.44 AC 32 1.64 0.10 AC 33 2.30 0.16 AC 34 1.77 0.24 AC 35 1.03 0.44

Table 11 shows that the reproducibility between the harvested antibody products from the three batches was high. The variation in the size of individual antibody peaks was within 20% for most antibody components, whereas the variation for some of the smallest peaks was slightly larger.

Example 6

The present example demonstrates that different batches of an anti-RhD rpAb with 25 individual members (same composition as in Example 4) bind to RhD-positive erythrocytes with similar potency and show comparable biological activity with respect to the relevant effector mechanisms. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis.

Preparation of Red Blood Cells

Red blood cells (RBC) were prepared from whole blood obtained from healthy donors after informed consent at the Blood Bank, Aalborg Hospital, DK, by washing the blood three times in PBS (Gibco, Invitrogen, United Kingdom) containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA, Sigma-Aldrich, Germany). The erythrocytes were resuspended and stored at 4° C. as a 10% solution in ID-Cellstab (DiaMed, Switzerland).

Preparation of PBMC

Buffy coats containing blood from healthy donors were obtained from the Blood Bank at the National Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were purified on Lymphoprep (Axis-Shield, Norway).

Potency Assay

The potency assay was adopted from the European Pharmacopoeia 4 (section 2.7A3 method C). The binding capacity of an anti-RhD rpAb with 25 individual members was measured using RhD-positive erythrocytes at 5×10⁴ cells/μl in PBS, 1% BSA. Anti RhD rpAb batches, Sym04:21, Sym04:23, and Sym04:24, were obtained from individual 5 L fed batch bioreactor runs. Dilutions (1½-fold) of the Anti-RhD rpAb batches were made in PBS, 1% BSA in triplicate in 96 well plates (Becton Dickinson Labware, N.J., USA). Fifty μl of the anti-RhD rpAb dilutions were mixed with 50 μl of erythrocytes and incubated at 37° C. for 40 min. The cells were washed twice (300×g, 2 min) in PBS, 1% BSA. Eighty μl of phycoerythrin-conjugated goat anti-human IgG, (Beckman Coulter, Calif., USA) diluted 1:20 in PBS, 1% BSA was added to each sample and left at 4° C. for 30 min. The samples were washed in PBS, 1% BSA and in FacsFlow (Becton Dickinson, Belgium) (300×g, 2 min), and resuspended in 200 μl FACSFlow. The samples were run on a FACSCalibur (Becton Dickinson, Calif., USA) and data analysis performed using CellQuest Pro and Excel. The three individual Anti-RhD rpAb batches displayed essentially identical binding potency to RhD-positive erythrocytes (FIG. 15A)

Combined ADCC and Phagocytosis Assay

This assay was adapted from Berkman et al. 2002. Autoimmunity 35, 415-419. Briefly, RhD positive (RhD+) and RhD negative (RhD−) red blood cells (RBC) were labeled with radioactive Chromium. For Cr⁵¹ labeling, 1×10⁸ RhD+ and RhD− RBC, respectively, were centrifuged (600×g for 10 min) and 100 μl Dulbeccos'modified eagles medium (DMEM) and 200 μl sodium chromate (0.2 μCi) (GE Healthcare, UK) were added to each tube before incubation for 1.5 hours at 37° C. The suspension was washed twice in 50 ml PBS and resuspended in 1 ml complete DMEM (containing 2 mM glutamine, 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin and 10% fetal calf serum) (Invitrogen, CA, US). Cells were adjusted to 4×10⁶ cells/ml and 50 μl/well were added to 96-well cell culture plates (Nunc). Fifty μl of two-fold. dilutions of Anti-RhD rpAb from batch Sym04:21 or Sym04:24, was then added to each well, except control. wells. Control wells were supplied with complete DMEM and used for either spontaneous lysis/retention or maximum lysis.

The PBMC were adjusted to 2×10⁷ cells/ml, and 100 μl were added to each well and incubated at 37° C. overnight. One hundred ti 1% Triton-X-100 (Merck, Germany) was added to the maximum lysis control wells. The plates were centrifuged (600×g for 2 min) and 50 μl of the supernatant was transferred to ADCC Lumaplates (Perkin Elmer, Belgium).

Following transfer of the supernatants, the cell culture plates were centrifuged (300×g for 2 min) and 50 μl supernatant from the maximum lysis wells were transferred to another LumaPlate (phagocytosis LumaPlate). In the cell culture plate, the supernatant was removed from the remaining wells and lysis buffer (140 mM NH₄Cl, 17 mM Tris-HCl) was added, followed by 5 min incubation at 37° C. NH₄Cl lyses the RBC, but leaves the PBMC fraction and thereby the phagocytozed RBC intact. After RBC lysis, the plates were centrifuged (4° C., 2 min, 300 g), pellets were washed twice in PBS, and resuspended in 100 μl PBS. One hundred μl 1% Triton-X-100 was added to the wells to lyse the phagocytic PBMC, and 50 μl of the lysate was transferred to the phagocytosis LumaPlates. The Lumaplates were dried overnight at 40° C. and counted in a TopCount NXT (Packard, Conn., USA). All data were imported into Excell and analyzed as described by Berkman et al. 2002. Autoimmunity 35, 415-419. Briefly, the computations were performed as follows:

ADCC: Immune lysis (%)=(mean test Cr⁵¹ released−mean spontaneous Cr⁵¹ released)/(total Cr⁵¹ in target erythrocytes−machine background)×100

Phagocytosis: Immune phagocytosis (%)=(mean test Cr⁵¹ retention−mean spontaneous Cr⁵¹ retention)/(total Cr⁵¹ in target erythrocytes−machine background)×100

All data were normalized to the combined maximum plateau values

The functional activity of anti-RhD rpAb from the two consecutive reactor runs showed nearly identical functional activity in both in vitro assays (FIGS. 15B and 15C) reflecting the high consistency between the batches.

Example 7

The present example demonstrates that the clonal diversity of an anti-RhD rpAb with 25 individual members (same composition as in Example 4) is maintained during down-stream processing (DSP). Cation-exchange chromatographic analysis is used to estimate clonal diversity during DSP of the recombinant polyclonal antibody.

Down-Stream Processing

An anti-RhD rpAb sample, containing 25 individual members, from a developmental bioreactor run was purified using the following DSP steps:

1. capture of the antibodies using a MAbSelect column 2. virus inactivation at pH 3 3. buffer exchange using a Sephadex G-25 column 4. anion-exchange chromatography using a DEAE-Sepharose column 5. virus filtration using a Planova 15N filter, and 6. hydrophobic charge induction chromatography using a MEP Hypercel column 7. ultra filtration/diafiltration using a Millipore biomax filter Analysis of Clonal Diversity after Individual DSP Steps

Cation-exchange chromatography was used to analyze the clonal diversity during DSP of a recombinant polyclonal antibody composition. Samples taken after step 1, 3, 4 and 6 during DSP of a anti-RhD rpAb was applied onto a PolyCatA column (4.6×100 mm) in 25 mM sodium acetate, 150 mM sodium chloride, pH 5.0 at a flow rate of 60 ml h−1 operated at room temperature. The antibody components were subsequently eluted using a linear gradient from 150-500 mM sodium chloride in 25 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0 at a flow rate of 60 ml h−1. The antibody components were detected spectrophotometrically at 280 nm and the chromatograms were compared (FIG. 16) to detect the potential loss of clonal diversity during DSP. In the present example it was demonstrated, using cation-exchange chromatography that the clonal diversity is essentially unchanged during DSP of a recombinant polyclonal antibody. 

1-53. (canceled)
 54. A method for generating a polyclonal working cell bank, said method comprising: a) providing a collection of cell lines, obtained from host cells which have been individually transfected with an individual member of a library comprised of variable region-encoding nucleic acid segments, and where each individual cell line upon transfection produces a different member of a polyclonal protein, b) mixing a predefined number of cells expanded from each of said cell lines, and c) freezing aliquots of the mixture.
 55. The method according to claim 54, wherein an aliquot obtained in step c) is thawed and expanded for a number of generations sufficient to produce a total number of cells, which are frozen down in a new series of aliquots (sub-pWCB), with approximately the same number of cells in each aliquot of said sub-pWCB as in said thawed aliquot.
 56. The method according to claim 54, wherein said library comprised of variable region-encoding nucleic acid segments is a library comprised of antibody V_(H)- and V_(L)-encoding nucleic acid segments.
 57. The method according to claim 56, wherein said library comprised of antibody V_(H)- and V_(L)-encoding nucleic acid segments encodes an anti-RhD recombinant polyclonal antibody.
 58. The method according to claim 54, wherein said individual cell lines are selected, prior to the mixing of the cells, such that they have similar proliferation rates or productivity.
 59. The method according to claim 58, wherein said individual cell lines are selected for similar productivity by FACS analysis.
 60. The method according to claim 58, wherein said individual cell lines are selected for similar productivity or proliferation rates by means of a robot.
 61. The method according to claim 58, wherein said selected cell lines have a proliferation rate between 22 and 40 hours or a productivity exceeding 1.5 pg/(cell×day).
 62. The method according to claim 54, wherein said individual cell lines are cloned cell lines.
 63. The method according to claim 54, wherein each individual cell line produces a full-length antibody with properties that differ from the properties of the antibodies produced by the other members of the polyclonal working cell bank.
 64. The method according to claim 54, wherein said individual cell lines are mixed at equal ratios.
 65. The method according to claim 54, wherein said individual cell lines are mixed at different ratios.
 66. The method according to claim 65, wherein the ratio of one or more individual cell lines producing an antibody which binds a particular antigen is increased compared to the other members of the polyclonal working cell bank.
 67. The method according to claim 65, wherein the ratio of one or more individual cell lines characterized by having a slower proliferation rate is increased compared to other members of the polyclonal working cell bank characterized by a faster proliferation rate.
 68. A polyclonal working cell bank comprising a mixture of a predefined number of cells from a collection of individual cell lines, where each individual cell line is obtained from host cells which have been individually transfected with an individual member of a library comprised of variable region-encoding nucleic acid segments, and where each individual cell line produces a different member of a polyclonal protein, and where said pWCB has been frozen down in aliquots.
 69. The polyclonal working cell bank according to claim 68, wherein said individual cell lines have similar proliferation rates or productivity.
 70. The polyclonal working cell bank according to claim 68, wherein said individual cell lines are cloned cells.
 71. The polyclonal working cell bank according to claim 68, wherein said individual cell lines are mixed at different ratios. 